Primitive Architecture. 27 
used alike both by pastoral and hunting tribes, but seldom by 
purely agricultural ones, by the hunting Indians of North America, 
the Dakotas and Chi ppe ways, by the pastoral bands of the extreme 
east and the far south, the Arabs and the Patagonians. 
The agricultural nomads, moving less often than do the hunting 
and pastoral ones, build more permanent dwellings. Some, as the 
Gonds, move every few years. Their houses are of wattle and daub, 
thatched with teak -leaves ; within are two rooms, separated by a row 
•of grain baskets, or by a bamboo screen, one serving as a living 
room, the other for storing.^ Greater care is shown by the Bodo 
and Dhimals,2 who, in addition to the central dwelling, build a 
■cattle-shed ; and if the family is a large one, complete the quad- 
rangle with two other dwellings. The Santals,^ moving only when 
they have exhausted the soil at one place, build even a more elabo- 
rate group of buildings ; a verandah is placed at the gable end, and 
pigstys, buffalo-sheds, and dove-cots built within the common en- 
Many other causes than the fertility of the soil occasion the re- 
moval of the agriculturist. The Khonds ^ abandon their dwellings 
on decay ; the Western Kareens ^ seek new quarters on the en- 
croachment of their enemies ; while the diseases generated by the 
heat expel the Caribs from theirs. 
Turning to communism, which is, perhaps, as early a phase of 
life as the nomadic, we find that it also produces numerous varia- 
tions in structure. And, first of all, it is interesting to trace the 
origin of communism as shown in the dwelling. The protection 
gained by numbers led many tribes to adopt this form of life. 
■Such, for example, are the Pueblo Indians,^ who erect large ter- 
raced buildings, often with no opening on the ground floor. Such, 
^Iso, are the Mandans,' an unaggressive people, brave, but unable 
to contend with their powerful neighbors, the Sioux. Their houses 
are circular, from 40 to 60 feet in diameter; the walls are of thick 
logs, the roof of beams supported by posts, thatched with willow- 
boughs and prairie grass, and the whole covered with several feet 
of earth and clay. Two doors of buffalo skin protect the ( 
' Foreyth, Highlands of Central India, 99. 
^ B. H. Hodgson in Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xviii., 741. 
^ Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xx., 570. 
" Macpherson, Report upon the Khonds of Ganjam and Cuttack, 
* Parrish in Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xxxiv., 145. 
« Morgan, 136. 
' lb., 126. 
