24 Primitive Architecture. 
tions— the Jay and the Puiple Grackle from their nests in the 
apple trees ; the Rose-breasted Grosbeak from the top of the hack- 
berry; the Cardinal and Wood Thrush from the box elders across 
the river ; the Orioles from their swinging nests in the elm and 
sugar maple ; the Bee Martin and Warbling Vireo from the silver- 
leaved ; the Jenny Wren from the eaves of the portico ; the Cat-bird 
and Brown Thrasher from the gooseberry bushes, and the Maryland 
Yellow Throat from his nest in the thick weeds on the river's bank- 
all would come to devote a few minutes to scolding their common 
The Jay, the Grackle, the Cat-bird, and the Robin would do 
the aggressive business, while the other birds, from a respectful 
distance, would be the spectators. The Robin, in particular, would 
show the greatest excitement in these attacks. He would often fly 
down to the ground near where I sat and in the most frantic man- 
ner try to call my attention to the fact that there was a terrible 
owl in the apple tree. 
At first these attacks almost frightened the Screechers to death ; 
but they soon became accustomed to them, and, in fact, seemed 
rather to enjoy this bird matinee. 
One of these interesting birds was stoned to death by a man as it 
was perched upon the fence near his repair-shop. Another was 
shot and killed by a kind-hearted lady that wished to display her 
marksmanship. A third is still about town, and his tremulous 
notes are often heard around my premises in the dusk of the even- 
PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE. 
Sociological Influences. 
by baer ferree. 
FOOD and shelter constituted the first and chief wants of primitive 
man, and to their satisfaction he devoted his dormant energies- 
At first, unable to construct his own shelter, he was obliged to de- 
pend upon such as nature furnishes. The cave was at once the 
most convenient and the safest. Its universal use in primitive times 
