1883.] ` The Kindred of Man. 129 
bellum from view, when looked at from above, as is the case in 
man—an almost steady progression from the lowest types of brain 
towards this arrangement, being found throughout the mammalian 
series. It must be said, however, that in three chimpanzees from 
which the brains were removed a few hours after death, by Pro- 
fessor H. C. Chapman and the writer, in spite of preconceived 
notions, this was found to be clearly not the case, and in the orang, 
the cerebellum was covered to a very slight extent only, postero- 
laterally. There are few of the lower monkeys, however, in which 
_ the man-like relation of these parts does not exist, and in one, at 
least, the squirrel monkey (Chrysothrix) of South America, this 
posterior projection is even greater than in man himself. 
Observation renders it quite probable that mental capacity in 
these animals has, to a considerable degree, maintained a relation 
to the complexity of detail in brain structure, although undoubt- 
edly, from a mere comparison of human and anthropoid brains, a 
far greater degree of intellectual power than that which really 
exists, might be expected from the latter; it should be remem- 
bered, however, in favor of the ape, that the specimens from which 
our ideas of their intelligence have been derived, have for the 
most part, been very young, and it is possible that more ma- 
ture age may bring with it a higher degree of mental faculty. 
On the whole, however, it is quite certain that the intelligence 
of the lower animals has been greatly overestimated. All expe- 
rienced observers of their actions know how easy it is to place 
a motive and an understanding where none probably exist. It 
is difficult, except after long training, to withstand the influence 
of the subjective tendencies of the mind, which lead the observer 
to translate into the terms.of his own intelligence, those actions 
which seemingly correspond to his own desires, and there are few 
works on this subject in which constant evidence is not given of 
its pr esence. In experimenting with the animals which form the 
Subject of this paper, the difficulty was constantly met with, and 
a large proportion of the phenomena observed were set aside, 
reluctantly in many cases, because of the doubt. 
In the slow development of anatomical structure, the presence 
Or absence of a single bone or muscle must be of vast im- 
Portance in working out the pedigree of an organism, and enough 
as been said to show how varied are the directions in which 
‘Man's alliances seem to point. t 
