1883.] Psychology. 565 
the ascending order, as it is undoubtedly the freshest and, in 
most respects, best work of the sort at our command. Mr. Ro- 
manes, in the present volume, brings together the leading facts 
bearing on the instincts and reasoning powers of animals; in a 
second volume he proposes to consider the facts of animal intelli- 
gence in their relation to the theory of descent ; in other words to 
the evolution of mind in animals and man. 
The present volume is largely made up of anecdotes about 
animals, and as such will find many readers, as the subject is one 
of much popular interest. Many of the anecdotes are, however, 
fresh and pertinent, and while the author has, so far as possible, 
endeavored to suppress anecdotes, he has found it of course im- 
possible not to give most of his space to them. He has been 
fortunate in having had placed at his command, by Mr. Darwin, 
shortly before his death, “all the notes and clippings on animal 
intelligence which he has been collecting for the last forty years, 
together with the original MS. of his wonderful chapter on ‘ In- 
Stinct.”” “This chapter,” adds Mr. Romanes, “on being recast 
for the ‘Origin of Species,’ underwent so merciless an amount of 
compression, that the original draft constitutes a rich store of 
hitherto unpublished material.” In his second work he proposes 
to draw upon this store more largely than in the present one. 
In the introduction Mr. Romanes lays down the general princi- 
ples upon which he constructs his work. His criterion of mind 
ts as follows: “ Does the organism learn to make new adjust- 
ments, or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of 
its own individual experience? If it does so, the fact cannot be 
due merely to reflex action in the sense above described, for it is 
impossible that heredity can have provided in advance for inno- 
vations upon, or alterations of, its machinery during the life time 
of a particular individual.” 
_ Rejecting the theory of animal automatism on the ground that 
never be accepted by common sense, he claims that asa 
Philosophical speculation “by no feat of logic is it possible to 
make the theory apply to animals to the exclusion of man.’ He 
insists that the mind of animals must be placed in the same cate- 
‘$ory as the mind of man. The proof is the fact that an animal 
‘Sable to learn by its own individual experience. “Wherever 
_ We find an animal able to do this, we have the same right to pred- 
state mind as existing in such an animal that we have to predicate 
_ “aS existing in any human being other than ourselves.” 
i The author then attempts to draw the line between reflex and 
_ instinctive action. This line, he thinks, “is constituted by the 
—oundary of non-mental or unconscious adjustment, with adjust- 
ment, in which there is concerned consciousness or mind. 
me ally Mr. Romanes thus defines reflex action, instinct and 
r 
a “ : z a 
3 Reflex action is non-mental neuro-muscular adjustment, due 
