1883.] Tools used in their Manufacture. 589 
uniform that one is almost persuaded that these quarrymen, if I 
may so term them, were skilled artisans. 
The Indians of California are said to have traded ollas for 
those things which they stood most in need of, and is it not nat- 
ural to suppose that the Indian of the East was less a trader than 
his western cotemporary ? 
Whilst the dishes do not appear to be difficult to manufacture, 
so far as mere labor is concerned, there is a certain sameness 
observable in the tool marks, both inside and outside the bowls, 
that would hardly be met with were they made by untaught 
workmen. The same may be said of the tools themselves, most 
of which I have found to be regularly grooved and peculiarly 
adapted to the work required of them. 
Quarries showing undoubted indications of aboriginal occupa- 
tion have been several times described ; their extent, the charac- 
ter of stone worked, the shape of the dishes, &c., so that I shall 
confine my remarks as much as possible to that which has struck 
me as being of interest and novel in those remains. 
It has been but a few years since the first of these quarries be- 
came known, and their examination thus far has been confined 
almost entirely to what could be found upon the surface, such as 
bowls, dishes or other large objects ; and but little time has been 
devoted to anything like a systematic examination, which, if 
made, could hardly fail of interesting and valuable results. 
Frank Cushing, under auspices of the Smithsonian, opened 
one quarry at Chula, in Virginia, and others are known to exist 
m Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New 
Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia and North Caro- 
lina, and all have, I believe, been discovered within the past de- 
sade. Those thus far examined seem to have been devoted 
Solely to the manufacture of articles intended for culinary pur- 
Poses. Whereas the o//a of California, whatever its real use, 
seems best adapted for holding liquids for the purpose of being 
tted a distance, or for storage purposes, thus taking the 
Place of pottery. Whilst the ol/a of California is better finished 
our dishes, which, as is well known, are rude when found in 
Warries, they all appear to have been taken from graves. Arti- 
cles of Soapstone found in the East, on the contrary, are almost 
exclusively surface finds in abandoned quarries, and so far as I 
am aware no finished dishes have ever been discovered. It is to 
