, 
: 
: 
Te a TE ee ee ye eo oTa 
a E S ee ee h 
1883:] Emotional Expression. 613 
Mass. The veteran Professor Tuckerman, of Amherst, still 
remains, and from him and Professor Lesquereux, of Columbus, 
Ohio, the well-known palæontologist, we now hope to obtain a 
work on mosses to supply the place of the old manual and to 
bring the science up to date, 
:0: 
_ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION. 
BY A. T. “BRUCE, 
+o Darwin, more than to any previous investigator, must be 
credited precise and comprehensive explanations of emo- 
tional expression, owing largely to the prominence given by him 
to hereditary influences which often afford explanations of emo- 
tional phenomena where individual experiences do not appear 
sufficient. The study of emotional language is interesting both 
from a physiological and psychological point of view. Consid- 
ering its psychological bearings it seems proper, before entering 
on a detailed description of any emotional expression, to present 
in outlinė such a definition and classification of emotions as nar- 
row limits admit of. 
An emotion may be defined as a tendency to act accompanied 
or unaccompanied by a particular feeling. In the common accep- 
tation of the term, emotion means a tendency to act accompanied 
by a feeling which is the distinctive mark of the emotion. Ten- 
dencies to act in ways more or less definite on the application of 
. Proper stimuli, when no feeling is present in the sensorium, are 
Fespectively known as reflex or automatic actions, the stimuli be- 
ing external in the former case and internal in the latter case. 
e two kinds of emotive tendencies mentioned are separated 
by no well defined boundary. Emotions accompanied by feeling, 
when oft repeated, tend to become automatic, while emotions 
ordinarily unaccompanied by feeling may, in the absence of 
higher €motions, send impressions to the sensorium. 
Instincts comprise a class of emotions, connecting emotions 
accompanied by feeling with those unaccompanied by feeling. 
nfining our attention to what is commonly known as an 
€motion, it is apparent that the feeling accompanying each is 
Pleasurable or painful. When the feeling is pleasurable the ten- 
im cy is to continue the course of action entered upon; on the 
other hand, when the feeling is painful, the tendency is to desist 
