616 | Emotional Expression. [June, 
ble purpose. The actions of the creature are necessitated by the 
universal law of movement in paths of pleasure. 
The movements in the case under consideration would be the 
protection of the softer and more sensitive portions of the body 
by the harder and more callous parts. Accordingly the viscera 
are protected by leaning forwards, by bringing the elbows to the 
side and by spreading out the hands. The head is at the same 
time depressed, presenting the less sensitive portions instead of 
, the more sensitive face, while the shoulders are elevated so as to 
cover the more sensitive neck. Putting all these movements to- 
gether, we have the expression of abject helplessness denominated 
cringing. But when for an aggressive and unavoidable adver- 
sary, we substitute an insuperable obstacle, we notice the same 
element of helplessness without the obvious need of self-protec- 
tion. There are, however, similar elements in both cases. Con- 
sequently by “ substitution of similars,” a process almost as get 
eral in association as in reasoning proper, we have that likeness 
of expression which a helpless shrug of the shoulders indicates. 
The truth or falsity of this explanation of the impotent shrug 
does not affect the general law of emotional expression or lessee 
the necessity of reducing all particular expressions to various 
phases of the same law. Taking the simpler emotions, of which 
the distinctive expressions have been explained by Darwins 
researches, it is possible to arrange them according tO tben 
respective intensities on the scale of pleasure and pain. 
Their respective positions on the scale would be somewhat & 
follows : 
Bright eyes. 
Intense, expressed by ¢ Laughter, and 
$ Partially contracted muscles. 
Pleasurable a " 
Less intense, including complacency, etc., expressed by incipi 4 
smiles, : 
ca actions 
Mixed Anger, sullenness-~expressed more or less distinctly by the : 
se of conflict. l 
f ‘a by open mouth A 
Agony, fear, astonishment, expressed 
he ontracted occipito-frontalis and corrugsto® 
Intense yore: 
Grief, despair, helplessness, etc., expressed from 
laxed muscles, indicating the exhaustio ee 
Painful flight or pain. 
Guilt, shyness, etc., characterized Ls ar 
inducing blushes through the 
vaso-motor mechanism. 
Less intense 
