1883.) Emotional Expression. 617 
The pleasurable emotions very briefly outlined in the table do 
not call for much comment. The joint cause of laughter may be 
suggested. The nervous activity which is the concomitant of 
pleasurable feeling must be discharged by the motor channels, 
Movements in lines of least resistance would take place in the 
most worn channels. Such channels are obviously those con- 
nected with automatic actions, such as breathing, which are con- 
stantly open; consequently the movements of the diaphragm 
result. But in order to fully explain laughter the interrupted 
character of the expiratory blast must be explained. Now it is 
perfectly obvious that an element of surprise is an important fac- 
tor in the production of laughter. Surprise is accompanied by a 
powerful inspiration and the sudden diversion of nerve currents 
from their previous channels. This inspiration of surprise would 
have to be followed by a strong expiration which, however, is 
modified by movements of the respiratory muscles induced by 
the pleasurable stimulus and by the diverted nerve currents which 
find their exit through the most open channels. 
The composite character of the emotions classed as mixed 
€motions may need some explanation. Anger with men com- 
monly results from some insult which detracts from self-esteem. 
e effort is then made to regain that esteem at the cost of the 
insulter. There is present in consciousness self-humiliated and 
a representation of the insulter humiliated. More generally 
stated, anger implies simply the effort to remove or attack any 
pain-inflicting agency. In that event there is present in the mind 
the same two elements of pain and pleasure, weakness and 
strength, viz., the pain inflicted and a sense of personal power 
able to resist the pain. 
Astonishment when unmixed is, judging from its close likeness 
to fear, a painful emotion. To the animal in its wild state any 
Strange creature must, in most cases, be either its prey or its 
destroyer, consequently there is the open-mouthed inspiration, 
explainable, as Darwin has shown, as the inspiration which pre- 
cedes efforts to escape or attack, while the open mouth also ren- 
ders respiration less noisy, thus assisting the concentration of the 
attention on the strange object. Astonishment seems to have 
been primarily derived from a disagreeable surprise resulting from 
the unexpected apparition of a destroyer. Shyness is probably 
due to this same unpleasantness associated with strangers, aggra- 
vated in the case of man by the known propensity of strangers 
- criticise our appearance. Hence attention is called to self, 
causing blushing. 
