eres: 
1883. | Catlinite. 753 
believe that the pipestone quarry was not opened before the com- 
mencement of the present century, whilst others agree with Mr. 
George Catlin in the belief that the natives were familiar with the 
peculiar properties of the stone and worked the quarry in far 
remote times. Professor Crane is of the opinion that pipestone 
has been extracted from this locality for many centuries, basing 
his belief upon the discovery of catlinite objects in ancient mounds 
in connection with other relics of undoubted antiquity. He as- 
sures me that he has found large quantities of chips and small 
fragments of red pipestone scattered over the country in the vicin- 
ity of Sioux falls, Dakota, and was told by an aged man of con- 
siderable intelligence that the latter had opened a mound in that 
neighborhood, a few years ago, in which he discovered a catlinite 
pipe of the oldest mound form. Be this as it may, recent investi- 
gations have proved beyond doubt that this material has been em- 
ployed by the Indians for a much longer time than has been gen- 
erally supposed. A century or so ago, long, cylindrical, opaque 
glass beads of a dark red color were made, in imitation of catlin- 
ite, and were imported to the United States in large quantities for 
traffic with the natives. These have been found in great abun- 
dance in certain localities, as in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
and in Montgomery county, New York, and other portions of the 
Eastern States. The idea of furnishing such objects was sug- 
gested to the early traders by the catlinite tubes or perforated 
cylindrical ornaments which were common amongst the Indians, 
and- which were highly esteemed by them. The glass imitations 
soon superseded the native stone productions to a great extent 
and doubtless proved a profitable source of income to the impor- 
ters of Indian trinkets. 
Indian graves in Chester County, Pa., have produced some cu- 
tiously fashioned catlinite beads, some of them shaped in imita- 
tion of barbed arrow-points and others four-sided tubes upwards 
of an inch in length. 
A considerable number of catlinite pipes have been taken from 
graves, and also from some of the older tumuli. In the ethno- 
logical collection of the Smithsonian Institution are several pipes 
and ornaments of red stone which were found in Indian graves in 
the State of New York while digging the Oriskany canal. The 
Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology con- 
tains Several minute pipes made of catlinite, which were discov- 
