1833. } Geography and Travels. 773 
and Northwest America are clearly shown on this pre-Golum- 
bian map. 
ArFrica.—Mr. J. T. Last has visited the dreaded Masai at a 
spot about 120 miles from the coast at Pagani. He was tolerably 
well received, and obtained much information respecting their 
language, customs, and social condition. He describes them as 
a fine race, with high forehead, thin lips, and long, straight nose, 
though with short crisp hair, and nearly black complexion. The 
women are especially fine in height and build 
Pére Depelchin, of the Society of Jesus, has sent to the Précis 
Historiques a contribution respecting the tribes upon the Zambesi, 
near the confluence of the Chobe. The Barotse are the ruling 
tribe, and subject to them are the Ma-Nansa, the Ma-Laya, the 
Ma-Shubia, the Ma-Ntchoia, the Ma-Mbunda, the Ba-Libale, the 
Ma-Pingula, and the Ma-Hés. The Ma-Shukulombwe and the 
Ba-Tonga are independent. All these peoples, although possess- 
ing each a separate language, speak the language of their former 
rulers, the Ma-Kololo. This tongue, called Se-Kololo, is a com- 
pound dialect akin to the Se-Suto and Se-Chuana. 
An African commission of the Lisbon Geographical Society 
has recently published a memorandum on the rights of Portugal 
upon the Congo. This document claims the Congo and the ter- 
ritories to the north of it as belonging to Portugal by discovery, 
Possession, and recognition. The territory claimed extends from 
e Congo northwards to Molembo inclusively, with an opinion 
that it could be claimed much further northward. The interior 
boundary is stated to be undetermined, and to be dependent on 
the needs and future resolutions of the Portuguese administration 
and colonial policy, but capable of definition by future treaties 
with native chiefs, or by their submission to Portuguese authority. 
‘he point of discovery is well proved by reference to the voyages 
Made in the fifteenth century, and the first colonizing expedition 
Was sent out in 1491. 
Dr. Oscar Lenz, in an address delivered before the Munich 
Geographical Society, maintained that the aridity of the Western 
Sahara, crossed by him between Morocco and Timbuctoo, is com- 
paratively recent, and was caused by the felling of the forests on 
the Ahaggar Mountain range, thus drying up the springs of the 
river that flowed through the plains. 
Few know that the so-called Queen of Madagascar is really 
only queen of the half of the island, that dominated by the Hova. 
This people formerly inhabited the centre of the island, and were 
tributary to the Malagasy, but with English aid in the first half 
this century they not only freed themselves, but conquered 
€ir neighbors to the east as far as the coast. The Hova men 
look much like sunburnt whites, the women often possess a sen- 
Suous beauty. They are poor, and live in unfinished huts. In 
