1883. ] of Orthoptera and Neuroptera. 821 
Superorder PHYLOPTERA} 
The mouth-parts are free, adapted invariably for biting ; the 
mandibles being toothed and adapted for chewing; the first max- 
illæ separate, with three divisions, the outer bearing usually five- 
jointed palpi; the second maxillæ united to form a labium divided 
into a submentum, mentum and ligula, the latter varying much, 
being either cleft (Pseudoneuroptera) or entire (Neuroptera), and 
bearing usually a three-jointed palpus, This is the primitive, 
elementary condition of the mouth-parts, and such as obtains in 
Coleopterous larvæ. The head is notable from the great develop- 
ment of the epicranium. The clypeus is often divided into two 
portions, a posterior (post-clypeus) and anterior (ante-clypeus) ; 
in the other and higher orders the clypeus is entire. 
The prothorax is usually very large and square, but in a few 
families, as the Phryganeide, Panorpide, Psocide, Libellulide 
and Ephemeridz, it is small and coilar-like. There is a marked 
equality in size and form of the meso- and metathorax; in most 
Orthoptera and some Pseudoneuroptera and Neuroptera, the 
metathorax is often even larger than the mesothorax ; in this 
respect the Phyloptera differ from any of the higher Hexapoda. 
In both of the two hinder segments of the thorax the four tergal 
sclerites, viz: the prasscutum, scutum, scutellum and_postscutel- 
lum, are each well developed, and more equably so than in any 
other order. The scutum is deeply excavated in front to receive 
the often large subtriangular or cordate praescutum ; and in some 
genera the scutum is, so to speak, cleft in two by the meeting of 
the prascutum and scutellum in the median line. The flanks of 
the thorax, or pleurites, are often very large, and the episternum 
and epimerum are broad, oblong, or squarish, and these sclerites 
are sometimes subdivided into an upper and lower division (supra 
and infra epimerum or episternum). The sternum is often large, 
flat and broad; it is sometimes divided into a sternum and præ- 
sternum., 
The wings are usually net-veined, often with numerous longi- 
tudinal veins, the branches of the subcostal, median and sub- 
median veins being either very long, and parallel with the longi- 
tudinal axis of the wing, or numerous and small (especially in 
the hind wings of Orthoptera). 
| From gÒlov, gens, nation ; zTepoy, wing. 
