F 
1883.] of Orthoptera and Neuroptera. 825 
articulate, or setiform or filiform, in which case the tarsi are two 
to four articulate.” These characters, though superficial, are the 
most important yet presented, perhaps (disregarding the meta- 
morphosis), for separating the Pseudoneuroptera from the genu- 
ine Neuroptera. But the cleft labium is also to be found in 
Orthoptera; and among the Orthoptera, which usually have five- 
jointed tarsi, the Mantidæ have four tarsal joints. The Perlidæ, 
Odonata and Ephemerina have been, by Gerstäcker (Peters and 
Carus’ Zoologie), associated with the Orthoptera under the name 
Orthoptera amphibiotica, but such an alliance does not seem to us 
to be entirely a natural or convenient one; it is simply transfer- 
ring a mass of heterogeneous forms to what, as now limited, is a 
natural and well circumscribed category, and yet we confess that 
it is difficult to give diagnostic adult characters separating the 
Pseudoneuroptera from the Orthoptera, though the general facies 
of the Orthoptera is quite unlike that of the Pseudoneuroptera. 
In the Pseudoneuroptera, beginning with the more generalized 
forms, the Perlidz and Termitidz, the labium (second maxillz) 
is deeply cleft, the cleft not, however, in these or any other in- 
sects, extending to the mentum, or even clear through the palpi- 
ger. Each lobe is also cleft, so that the ligula is really four- 
lobed; the outer lobes are called by Gerstäcker! the “lamina 
externa,” and the inner the “lamina interna.” These finger- 
Shaped, non-articulated fleshy lobes appear to be homologous 
with, or at least suggest the outer pair of, paraglosse of the Col- 
coptera and Hymenoptera. In the Perlidæ the four lobes of the 
ligula are well developed, and the lobes of the inner pair are 
broader than the outer. In the Termitida the lobes are well de- 
veloped, but the inner pair of lobes is either one-half or not quite 
So wide as the outer paraglosse ; the palpiger is cleft. In the 
Embidz, according to Savigny’s figures, the ligula is four-lobed, 
but the inner pair is narrow and rudimentary. 
In the Odonata, according to Gerstacker’s excellent drawings, 
the ligula varies much. In Gomphus it is entire; in some of the 
higher Libelluline only two-lobed; but in Æschna it is four- 
lobed, the outer lobe slender, but separate from the palpus. In 
Calopteryx the ligula is widely cleft, the two inner lobes are wide 
apart, while the outer pair is consolidated with the labial palpi. 
12ur Morphologie der Orthoptera amphibiotica. Aus der Festschrift zur Gesellsch. 
Naturforsch. Freunde, 1873. 
