828 On the Classification of the Linnean Orders, etc. (August, 
Order 4. NEUROPTERA. 
The head is horizontal and somewhat flattened, except in the 
Trichoptera and Panorpidz, where it is subspherical and vertical. 
The body shows a tendency to be round or cylindrical, the thorax 
being more or less spherical, but there is great diversity in form 
from the Sialidæ to the Trichoptera. The mouth-parts are free 
and the mandibles well developed, except in the Trichoptera, 
where the mandibles are nearly obsolete in form, and function- 
less, thus suggesting or anticipating the Lepidoptera. 
In the Neuroptera the ligula is entirely unlike any of the fore- 
going and lower groups. It is entire, forming a broad, flat, large, 
rounded lobe; it is largest in Myrmeleon, Ascalaphus and Man- 
tispa, but smaller in Corydalis, where it is also narrower and in- 
dented on the front edge. 
In Panorpa the ligula is minute, rudimentary. In the Trichop- 
tera it is also minute and rudimentary. 
The prothorax is usually (Planipennia) large, broad and square, 
but is ring or collar-like in the Trichoptera, being short and 
small, much as in Lepidoptera. Except in the Trichoptera, the 
meso- and metanotum are characterized by the large, cordate 
prescutum, and in the Hemerobina the metascutum is partially 
or (in Ascalaphus) wholly cleft, the praescutum and scutellum 
meeting on the median line of the thorax. 
In the Hemerobina and Sialidze the metathorax is as large, 0! 
nearly as large, as the mesothorax, and the hind wings art as 
large as the anterior pair. The wings are not net-veined, the 
type of venation being entirely unlike that of the Orthoptera 
and Pseudoneuroptera. The costal space is wide and 
marked, and the transverse veinlets are few and fara 
pared with the two orders just mentioned. 
The abdomen is cylindrical, and there are g-10 uromeres- The 
ovipositor is only developed in Raphidia, while the cercoer 
are not developed. The metamorphosis is complete, as 19 the 
Lepidoptera, etc., the pupa being entirely unlike the larva, 
quiescent, often protected by a cocoon or case. The orde 
be divided into two suborders: 
1. Planipennia (Sialidze, Hemerobiide, Panorpidz)...- - 
2. Trichoptera (Phryganeide). 
The following tabular view will in a degree express 
part com- 
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