£883.] Evolutionary Significance of Human Character. QII 
tion of the emotions is that of appetites. The first of these in 
the necessary physiological order, and hence in time, is the appe- 
tite of hunger. Second in order in the history of life, but not in 
the growth of individuals, is the instinct of reproduction, such as 
it is in animals who only multiply by fission. Very early in evo- 
lution the emotion of fear must have arisen, and it is probably 
the immediate successor of hunger in the young of most animals. 
Anger appears as early as the mind can appreciate resistance to 
its first desires, and no doubt followed as third or fourth in the 
history of evolution. The rudiments of parental feeling would 
follow the origin of reproduction at a considerable interval of 
time. One of the latest of the instincts to appear, would be the 
love of power; while later still would be the emotions of rela- 
tivity (Bain) because they are dependent on a degree of mental 
appreciation of objects. Such are admiration, surprise and won- 
er. These, as well as all other consequences of inherited intel- 
lect, appear earlier in infancy than they did in evolution, as may 
be readily understood. 
Of these instincts and emotions, it is to be supposed that hun- 
ger remains much as it has ever been. The reproductive instinct 
has, on the other hand, undergone the greatest modifications. 
Sex instinct could not have existed prior to the origin of the 
male sex, which must be regarded in evolution as a derivative 
from the female. Hence it is probable that the parental instinct 
preceded the sexual in time. These two instincts being the only 
ones which involve interest in individuals other than self, furnish ` 
the sources of sympathy in all its benevolent aspects. Hence it 
has developed in man into the powerful passion of love ; into 
affection and charity in all their degrees and bearings. Fear be- 
ing, as Bain shows, largely dependent on weakness, has varied in 
development in all times, but must be most pronounced in ani- 
mals of high sensibility, other things being equal. Hence its 
power has, on the whole, increased until it probably reached its 
extreme in the monkeys or the lowest races of men. Increasing 
intelligence of the higher order diminishes the number of its 
occasions, so that it is the privilege of the highest types of men 
to possess but little of it. The earliest of the emotions of rela- 
tivity to appear in time, has probably been the love of beauty ; 
how early it may have appeared it is difficult to imagine. Sur- 
Prise and wonder as distinct from fear, one can only conceive as 
following an advanced state of intelligence. 
