1883.] Evolutionary Significance of Human Character. 913 
experiences (or hypotheses) will be successively encountered and 
tested, and appropriate generalizations reached (inductions). If 
the process be to accomplish the practical ends of life by use of 
well-known means, the intellect uses the customary rules of action 
as standards, be they moral or mechanical, financial or political, 
and attains its deductions and applications. These two types of in- 
tellect are strikingly distinct, and produce the most diverse conse- 
quences. The inductive type is the most generalized, and hence 
capable of the largest growth and adaptability, and the widest 
range of thought. The deductive is the more specialized, the 
more “ practical,” but less capable of growth or general thought. 
Its most remarkable exhibitions are seen in the skill with which 
some men conduct the game of chess, and corresponding enter- 
prises in real life. Also the ingenuity of mechanical invention, 
and the wonderful rapidity of calculation which some minds dis- 
play. In intellectual as in many other vital phenomena, the facil- 
ity once developed, the active process is often unaccompanied 
by consciousness in many or even all of its stages. 
Rapid and exact control of the muscles in obeying the direc- 
tions of the mind is essential to the practice of many arts, espe- 
cially to that of the musician. This accomplishment is acquired 
through the medium of the conscious mind, and may be regarded 
simply as the reflex of impressions made on the senses directed 
by some simple rule which has been impressed on the memory. 
The often surprising results involve the exercise of a very sim- 
ple phase of intellection. 
The appearance of the rational faculties in time, may be esti- 
mated by their relative development in the existing divisions of 
animals whose period of origin is known or inferred. The ani- 
mal mind is capable of simple forms of induction and deduction, 
and sometimes acquires considerable artistic skill. Bees, ants and 
Spiders display these in varying degrees, and their antiquity is 
probably coéxtensive with that of the known sedimentary rocks. 
The supposed Ascidian ancestors of the Vertebrata, and even the 
lowest vertebrate (Branchiostoma), display far less intelligence 
than the articulates mentioned, which are really lower in the scale 
of organic types. From such unpromising sources did the noble 
vertebrate line descend. It is probable that the inductive act pre- 
ceded by a little the deductive in time, as it does in logical order. 
But the elaboration of these powers was doubtless long delayed ; 
