1883.] Anthropology. 991 
E AMERICAN AUTOCHTHONES.— Professor J. Kollman, of 
Basel, well known for his many publications upon the crania of 
' the European peoples, has made an elaborate study of the crania 
of our American aborigines. The author starts out with certain 
theses which he has sought to establish in other publications, 
such as the undoubted existence of races possessing invariable 
marks; man is a fixed type (Dauertypus), and races are also 
i fixed since their production in the unknown past. Witness the 
Malays and Papuas, neighbors so long in a homogeneous tropi- 
cal area, and yet so unlike. With regard to America it was for- 
| merly believed that a single race extended from Cape Horn to 
the Northern ocean, Blumenbach and Morton standing for this 
class of writers. Later on, from 1865, Waitz, Plotz, Andreas 
Retzius, Virchow and Daniel Wilson demolished the unity theory. 
Dr. Kollman divides his discussion into two parts : 
1. The plurality of varieties (races) in America. 
2. The spread of these varieties over the continent. 
The data of his investigation are: North America, 917 skulls ; 
Central and South America, 248 skulls; Eskimo region, 127 
skulls; Mounds and shell-heaps, 208 skulls. The measurements 
are partly original and partly from Otis, B. Davis, and Schaaff- 
hausen. Omitting the ancient crania, the index for the remain- 
ing 1292 is as follows: 
index. Per cent, 
Dolicocephalic ......... 63-75 22.77 
MOCEDNANG oon. 6s bsisc du busca o a 76-80 . 35.92 
Brachycephalic . . x 81-85 22.60 
Hyperbrachycephalic 14.30 
86-95 
96-116 4.55 
Artificially brachycephalic . 
I. The plurality of varieties is proved. 
2. The ubiquity of these varieties over the whole area is undoubted 
3 The penetration of the varieties among one another is so complete that no tribe 
Onsists of a single variety : 
4 This penetration had taken place before the Columbian period. From that era 
: we have: 
MAr Ana T aaa e er ot CR ee y ar 
2. Leptoprosope—Brachycephaly. 
he Chamzeroprosope—Brachycephaly. 
on - —Mesocephaly. 
1a e —Dolicocephaly. a. 
5 The differences of the Indian tribes are to be traced back not so much to climatic 
influences as the craniological evidences prove. 
6. The differences among the ethnic groups are due to the amount of varietal pene- 
~ tration, which was not uniform in space or time. i 
