﻿ORCHARD 
  INSECTS 
  PACIFIC 
  NORTHWEST 
  

  

  55 
  

  

  codling 
  moth 
  larvae, 
  and 
  the 
  

   young 
  of 
  leafhoppers. 
  These 
  lar- 
  

   vae, 
  known 
  as 
  aphis 
  lions, 
  are 
  flat, 
  

   elongated, 
  tapering 
  at 
  both 
  ends, 
  

   with 
  long 
  legs 
  and 
  conspicuous 
  

   sickle-shaped 
  jaws. 
  When 
  mature 
  

   they 
  are 
  about 
  three-eighths 
  inch 
  

   long, 
  grayish 
  or 
  yellowish, 
  with 
  

   red 
  or 
  brown 
  markings. 
  They 
  

   spin 
  spherical 
  white 
  cocoons, 
  

   which 
  are 
  sometimes 
  found 
  in 
  

   codling-moth 
  bands, 
  and 
  from 
  

   which 
  the 
  adults 
  escape 
  by 
  cutting 
  

   circular 
  lids. 
  The 
  adults 
  are 
  light 
  

   green 
  with 
  delicate 
  transparent 
  

   wings 
  and 
  golden 
  eyes. 
  They 
  emit 
  

   a 
  disagreeable 
  odor 
  when 
  crushed, 
  

   and 
  this 
  doubtless 
  protects 
  them 
  

   from 
  birds 
  and 
  other 
  enemies 
  in 
  

   the 
  same 
  manner 
  as 
  ladybeetles 
  are 
  

  

  Figure 
  69. 
  — 
  Eggs 
  of 
  a 
  lacewing 
  fly. 
  

  

  protected. 
  The 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited 
  

   in 
  clusters, 
  each 
  egg 
  on 
  a 
  long 
  stalk 
  

   (fig. 
  69) 
  ; 
  this 
  is 
  believed 
  to 
  pre- 
  

   vent 
  the 
  eggs 
  from 
  being 
  eaten 
  by 
  

   the 
  young 
  or 
  by 
  other 
  insects. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  also 
  many 
  predaceous 
  

   bugs 
  and 
  beetles 
  that 
  prey 
  on 
  var- 
  

   ious 
  insects, 
  and 
  there 
  are 
  small 
  

   predaceous 
  mites 
  and 
  thrips 
  that 
  

  

  feed 
  on 
  orchard 
  mites. 
  In 
  addi- 
  

   tion 
  to 
  these, 
  there 
  are 
  hosts 
  of 
  

   small, 
  inconspicuous 
  parasitic 
  in- 
  

   sects, 
  mostly 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  bees 
  

   and 
  wasps, 
  that 
  take 
  their 
  toll 
  of 
  

   the 
  pests. 
  One 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  Apheli- 
  

   nus 
  mall 
  Hald., 
  a 
  parasite 
  of 
  the 
  

   woolly 
  apple 
  aphid 
  (fig. 
  70) 
  , 
  which 
  

  

  mmm 
  

  

  » 
  

  

  Figure 
  70. 
  — 
  Woolly 
  apple 
  aphids 
  para- 
  

   sitized 
  by 
  Aphelinus 
  malt. 
  

  

  was 
  introduced 
  into 
  the 
  Pacific 
  

   Northwest 
  about 
  1930. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  estimate 
  the 
  ben- 
  

   efit 
  done 
  by 
  predaceous 
  and 
  para- 
  

   sitic 
  insects. 
  The 
  beneficial 
  

   species 
  prevent 
  many 
  potentially 
  

   harmful 
  insects 
  from 
  becoming 
  

   numerous, 
  and 
  therefore 
  should 
  be 
  

   encouraged 
  in 
  every 
  way. 
  Fre- 
  

   quently, 
  also, 
  outbreaks 
  of 
  serious 
  

   pests 
  are 
  stopped 
  more 
  completely 
  

   by 
  beneficial 
  insects 
  than 
  is 
  pos- 
  

   sible 
  with 
  artificial 
  control 
  meas- 
  

   ures. 
  Unfortunately 
  the 
  beneficial 
  

   forms 
  often 
  do 
  not 
  begin 
  to 
  be 
  ef- 
  

   fective 
  until 
  after 
  the 
  harmful 
  

   species 
  have 
  done 
  much 
  damage; 
  

   therefore 
  the 
  fruit 
  grower 
  cannot 
  

   afford 
  to 
  wait 
  and 
  must 
  control 
  the 
  

   pests 
  himself. 
  The 
  sprays 
  applied 
  

   to 
  trees, 
  particularly 
  the 
  contact 
  

   sprays, 
  destroy 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  bene- 
  

   ficial 
  insects. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  in- 
  

   sects, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  syrphid 
  flies 
  and 
  

   the 
  ladybeetles, 
  withstand 
  insecti- 
  

   cides 
  fairly 
  well, 
  but 
  the 
  Apheli- 
  

   nus 
  and 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  predators 
  of 
  

   orchard 
  mites 
  are 
  seriously 
  re- 
  

   duced 
  in 
  numbers, 
  particularly 
  by 
  

   DDT 
  or 
  parathion. 
  

  

  