﻿58 
  

  

  CIRCI'LAR 
  2 
  70. 
  T. 
  

  

  DEPARTMENT 
  OE 
  AGRICrLTrRE 
  

  

  when 
  cover 
  crops 
  or 
  weeds 
  in 
  the 
  or- 
  

   chard 
  are 
  in 
  bloom. 
  Dusting 
  is 
  more 
  

   likely 
  to 
  poison 
  bees 
  than 
  spraying. 
  

  

  Many 
  insecticides 
  are 
  available 
  

   for 
  application 
  as 
  dusts. 
  In 
  gen- 
  

   eral 
  dusts 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  so 
  satis- 
  

   factory 
  as 
  sprays, 
  although 
  in 
  some 
  

   instances 
  they 
  have 
  been 
  used 
  suc- 
  

   cessfidly. 
  particularly 
  if 
  more 
  fre- 
  

   quent 
  applications 
  were 
  made. 
  

   Dusting 
  should 
  only 
  be 
  done 
  in 
  

   calm 
  weather. 
  

  

  Precautions 
  

  

  DDT. 
  toxaphene. 
  benzene 
  hexachlo- 
  

   ride. 
  lead 
  arsenate, 
  cryolite, 
  parathion. 
  

   and 
  nicotine 
  are 
  poisonous 
  to 
  man 
  and 
  

   animals 
  and 
  should 
  be 
  handled 
  ac- 
  

   cordingly. 
  Because 
  parathion 
  and 
  nico- 
  

   tine 
  are 
  extremely 
  poisonous 
  to 
  human 
  

   beings, 
  persons 
  using 
  these 
  chemicals 
  

   should 
  follow 
  the 
  additional 
  precautions 
  

   given 
  on 
  pages 
  59 
  and 
  60. 
  ^hen 
  mixing 
  

   or 
  applying 
  insecticides, 
  take 
  extreme 
  

   care 
  to 
  keep 
  the 
  materials 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  

   mouth 
  and 
  eyes 
  and 
  away 
  from 
  tender 
  

   parts 
  of 
  the 
  body. 
  When 
  spra}'ing 
  or 
  

   dusting 
  operations 
  are 
  long 
  and 
  continu- 
  

   ous, 
  keep 
  the 
  body 
  well 
  covered, 
  even 
  in 
  

   the 
  warmest 
  weather, 
  and 
  wear 
  goggles 
  

   to 
  protect 
  the 
  eyes. 
  Wash 
  the 
  face 
  and 
  

   hands 
  thoroughly 
  after 
  using 
  any 
  insecti- 
  

   cide. 
  After 
  long 
  exposure 
  take 
  a 
  bath 
  

   and 
  change 
  the 
  clothes. 
  Do 
  not 
  wear 
  

   clothing 
  on 
  which 
  spray 
  residues 
  have 
  

   accumulated 
  until 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  washed. 
  

  

  Containers 
  in 
  which 
  insecticides 
  are 
  

   stored 
  should 
  be 
  plainly 
  marked 
  "Poi- 
  

   son." 
  Keep 
  them 
  tighth' 
  closed 
  and 
  pref- 
  

   erably 
  under 
  lock, 
  and 
  well 
  out 
  of 
  reach 
  

   of 
  children 
  and 
  others 
  unfamiliar 
  with 
  

   their 
  poisonous 
  nature. 
  Prevent 
  domes- 
  

   tic 
  animals 
  and 
  livestock 
  from 
  feeding 
  on 
  

   treated 
  vegetation, 
  licking 
  containers, 
  or 
  

   drinking 
  contaminated 
  water. 
  Bury 
  or 
  

   burn 
  empr.- 
  packages 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  

   quantity- 
  of 
  insecticide 
  remaining 
  in 
  them. 
  

   Bury 
  unused 
  portions 
  or 
  discarded 
  mate- 
  

   rial 
  at 
  least 
  a 
  foot 
  below 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  

   ground 
  and 
  away 
  from 
  water 
  supply 
  or 
  

   drainage. 
  Keep 
  DDT 
  and 
  rotenone 
  out 
  

   of 
  ponds. 
  They 
  kill 
  fish. 
  

  

  DDT 
  

  

  DDT 
  has 
  come 
  into 
  widespread 
  

   use 
  both 
  as 
  a 
  contact 
  insecticide 
  

   and 
  as 
  a 
  stomach 
  poison. 
  It 
  is 
  

   valuable 
  to 
  the 
  fruit 
  grower 
  for 
  

   controlling 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  pests, 
  in- 
  

   cluding 
  the 
  codling 
  moth, 
  the 
  

   oriental 
  fruit 
  moth, 
  lygtts 
  bugs. 
  

  

  climbing 
  cutworms, 
  leafhoppers. 
  

   and 
  many 
  aphids. 
  DDT 
  has 
  failed 
  

   to 
  control 
  the 
  woolly 
  apple 
  ap)hid 
  

   or 
  the 
  orchard 
  mites, 
  and 
  it 
  de- 
  

   stroys 
  many 
  of 
  their 
  parasites 
  and 
  

   predators, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  

   use 
  other 
  insecticides 
  for 
  con- 
  

   trolling 
  these 
  two 
  pests. 
  

  

  AVith 
  sticcessive 
  applications 
  of 
  

   DDT 
  there 
  is 
  danger 
  of 
  bttilding 
  

   up 
  a 
  concentration 
  in 
  the 
  soil 
  liitrh 
  

   enough 
  to 
  interfere 
  with 
  the 
  

   growth 
  of 
  plants. 
  Therefore, 
  no 
  

   more 
  than 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  control 
  

   the 
  insect 
  should 
  be 
  used. 
  

  

  DDT 
  is 
  most 
  commonly 
  avail- 
  

   able 
  as 
  a 
  50-percent 
  wettable 
  

   powder 
  and 
  as 
  a 
  5- 
  or 
  10-percent 
  

   dust. 
  For 
  spray 
  applications 
  the 
  

   wettable 
  powder 
  is 
  used 
  at 
  1 
  to 
  2 
  

   pounds 
  to 
  100 
  gallons 
  of 
  water 
  for 
  

   control 
  of 
  most 
  fruit 
  insects. 
  

  

  ToX.\PHEXE 
  AND 
  BeXZEXE 
  

  

  Hex.\chloride 
  

  

  Toxaphene 
  and 
  benzene 
  hexa- 
  

   chloride 
  may 
  have 
  limited 
  ttses 
  in 
  

   the 
  orchard. 
  Toxaphene 
  prepara- 
  

   tions, 
  which 
  are 
  available 
  in 
  both 
  

   powdered 
  and 
  liqttid 
  forms, 
  will 
  

   control 
  the 
  pear 
  psylla. 
  aphids. 
  

   and 
  mites. 
  The 
  50-percent 
  powder 
  

   shotdd 
  ordinarily 
  be 
  tised 
  at 
  1 
  

   poimd. 
  and 
  the 
  50-percent 
  liqtiid 
  

   at 
  1 
  pint, 
  to 
  100 
  gallons. 
  Toxa- 
  

   phene 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  used 
  on 
  stone 
  

   fruits, 
  as 
  it 
  may 
  cause 
  injtiry. 
  

   Benzene 
  hexachloride 
  may 
  be 
  tised 
  

   early 
  in 
  the 
  season 
  for 
  controlling 
  

   the 
  woollv 
  apple 
  aphid. 
  (^See 
  ]7. 
  

  

  P-AEL\THIOX 
  

  

  Parathion 
  is 
  primarily 
  useful 
  

   as 
  a 
  contact 
  insecticide 
  and 
  acari- 
  

   cide 
  (miticide) 
  for 
  controlling 
  

   aphids. 
  mites, 
  pear 
  psylla. 
  scale 
  

   insects 
  and 
  small 
  larvae. 
  It 
  is 
  

   available 
  as 
  a 
  15- 
  or 
  25-percent 
  

   wettable 
  powder 
  and 
  as 
  a 
  1- 
  or 
  2- 
  

   percent 
  dust. 
  For 
  spray 
  applica- 
  

   tions 
  the 
  15-percent 
  powder 
  is 
  

   most 
  commonly 
  tised 
  at 
  lo 
  potmd 
  

   or 
  more 
  to 
  100 
  crallons 
  of 
  water. 
  

  

  