30 CIRCULAR 363, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
There are many species, including the tree sparrow, slate-colored 
junco, and Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), that nest in 
Canada and winter in the United States; while others, including the 
vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), chipping sparrow (Spizella 
passerina), grackles, red-winged blackbird, bluebird, the woodcock 
(Philohela minor), and several species of ducks, nest in the northern 
United States and move south for the winter to areas along the Gulf 
of Mexico. This list includes the more hardy species, some individ- 
uals of which may linger in protected places well within the reach of 
severe cold, as, for example, Wilson’s snipe, or jacksnipe (Capella 
delicata), which fre- 
quently is found 
during subzero weath- 
er in parts of the 
Rocky Mountain 
region where warm 
springs assure a food 
supply. More than 
100 of our summer 
birds leave the United 
States entirely and 
spend the winter in 
the West Indies or 
in Central America 
or South America. 
For example, the 
Cape May warbler 
(Dendroica tigrina), 
which breeds from 
northern New Eng- 
land, northern Michi- 
gan, and northern 
Minnesota, north to 
New Brunswick, 
Nova Scotia, and 
nearly to Great Slave 
Lake, is concen- 
tratedin winter chiefly 
in the West Indies, 
B3763M = 
FIGURE 13.—Barn swallow, a bird that has so long a migration route its metro ig oli S at 
that some individuals breed north to Yukon and Alaska, while this season being the 
the winter range extends south to Argentina, 7,000 miles away. isl an d of Hispaniola 
LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATIONS 
Some of the common summer residents are not content with a trip 
to northern South America, but push on across the Equator and 
finally come to rest for the winter in the pampas of Argentina, or even 
in Patagonia. Thus some species that are more or less associated 
with each other in summer, as nighthawks, barn swallows, cliff swal- 
lows, and some of the thrushes may also occupy the same general 
winter quarters in Brazil. Some individual nighthawks and barn 
swallows (fig. 13) travel still farther, and of all North American land 
birds these species probably have the longest migration route, as they 
occur north to Yukon and Alaska, and south to Argentina, 7,000 
