﻿XVI 
  11 
  

  

  AMERICAN 
  HOMES 
  AND 
  GARDENS 
  

  

  Feb 
  

  

  ruary, 
  1907 
  

  

  What 
  is 
  Roof 
  Durability? 
  

  

  DURABILITY 
  is 
  an 
  elastic 
  word. 
  A 
  shovel 
  used 
  six 
  months, 
  a 
  shoe 
  

   worn 
  a 
  year, 
  a 
  buggy 
  driven 
  eight 
  years, 
  a 
  locomotive 
  run 
  fifteen 
  — 
  

   they 
  all 
  are 
  durable 
  in 
  their 
  class. 
  

  

  f§ 
  Some 
  makers 
  of 
  roofing 
  advertise 
  their 
  material 
  as 
  durable, 
  claiming 
  it 
  

   will 
  last 
  10, 
  15 
  or 
  20 
  years 
  (with 
  frequent 
  repainting 
  or 
  recoating). 
  Would 
  

   a 
  house 
  lasting 
  that 
  long 
  be 
  called 
  ' 
  durable 
  "? 
  

  

  I| 
  Why 
  should 
  any 
  roofing 
  be 
  called 
  ' 
  durable" 
  unless 
  it, 
  like 
  

  

  Genuine 
  Bangor 
  Roofing 
  Slate 
  

  

  outlived 
  the 
  building 
  without 
  paint 
  or 
  repairs 
  ? 
  

  

  ^ 
  Ol»r 
  free 
  book 
  Of 
  Roof 
  Facts 
  gives 
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  facts 
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  the 
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   tells 
  what 
  the 
  tin 
  people 
  say 
  about 
  tin 
  roofs, 
  the 
  tile 
  people 
  about 
  tile 
  roofs, 
  

   the 
  patent 
  people 
  about 
  patent 
  roofs 
  (tar, 
  asphalt, 
  gravel), 
  the 
  slate 
  people 
  

   about 
  slate 
  roofs, 
  etc. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  complete 
  but 
  concise 
  handbook 
  on 
  the 
  roof 
  

   problem, 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  life 
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  your 
  building 
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  Write 
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  NOW. 
  

  

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  34 
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  Our 
  vehicles 
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  Elkhart 
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   Elkhart, 
  Indiana 
  

  

  the 
  SCIENTIFIC 
  AMERICAN 
  BOY 
  

  

  By 
  A. 
  RUSSELL 
  BOND 
  

  

  l2mo. 
  320 
  Pages. 
  340 
  Illustrations. 
  Price, 
  $2.00, 
  Postpaid. 
  

  

  STOrkY 
  OF 
  OUTDOOFk 
  BOY 
  LIFE, 
  suggesting 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  diversions 
  which, 
  aside 
  from 
  

   affording 
  entertainment, 
  will 
  stimulate 
  in 
  boys 
  the 
  creative 
  spirit. 
  Complete 
  practical 
  instructions 
  are 
  

   given 
  for 
  building 
  the 
  various 
  articles. 
  The 
  book 
  contains 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  miscellaneous 
  devices, 
  

   such 
  as 
  scows, 
  canoes, 
  windmills, 
  water 
  wheels, 
  etc. 
  

  

  A 
  

  

  MUNN 
  £r 
  CO. 
  

  

  Publishers 
  of 
  

   SCIENTIFIC 
  AMEWCAN 
  " 
  

  

  361 
  Broadway, 
  New 
  York 
  

  

  table 
  close 
  to 
  a 
  window 
  having 
  the 
  best 
  sun 
  

   exposure. 
  

  

  In 
  country 
  homes 
  where 
  only 
  stoves 
  are 
  

   used, 
  the 
  kitchen 
  is 
  the 
  best 
  place, 
  as 
  the 
  fire 
  

   in 
  the 
  range 
  is 
  kept 
  up 
  generally 
  day 
  and 
  

   night; 
  in 
  houses 
  where 
  steam 
  or 
  hot 
  air 
  is 
  used 
  

   for 
  heating 
  purposes 
  any 
  convenient 
  room 
  can 
  

   be 
  assigned, 
  provided 
  the 
  temperature 
  on 
  cold 
  

   nights 
  does 
  not 
  fall 
  too 
  low. 
  

  

  The 
  end 
  of 
  February, 
  even 
  the 
  first 
  week 
  

   in 
  March, 
  is 
  time 
  enough 
  to 
  sow 
  the 
  seeds. 
  Too 
  

   early 
  planting 
  will 
  advance 
  some 
  vegetables 
  

   too 
  far 
  for 
  successful 
  replanting, 
  besides 
  it 
  will 
  

   weaken 
  them 
  if 
  kept 
  too 
  long 
  in 
  the 
  atmosphere 
  

   of 
  a 
  living-room. 
  As 
  to 
  the 
  kind 
  of 
  seeds 
  to 
  

   be 
  planted 
  individual 
  tastes 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  con- 
  

   sulted. 
  

  

  Head 
  lettuce, 
  also 
  romaine, 
  tomatoes, 
  early 
  

   cabbage, 
  eggplant, 
  cauliflower, 
  beets, 
  kohlrabi, 
  

   parsley, 
  early 
  celery, 
  and 
  the 
  like, 
  can 
  be 
  

   started 
  in 
  this 
  way 
  and 
  safely 
  transplanted 
  

   later 
  on. 
  After 
  the 
  plants 
  are 
  well 
  up 
  they 
  are 
  

   thinned 
  out 
  from 
  one-fourth 
  to 
  one-half 
  an 
  

   inch 
  apart, 
  leaving 
  the 
  strongest 
  plants 
  and 
  

   removing 
  the 
  crowded 
  weaklings. 
  Lettuce, 
  

   cabbage, 
  cauliflower, 
  kohlrabi, 
  also 
  parsley, 
  can 
  

   be 
  transplanted 
  in 
  the 
  open 
  if 
  two 
  distinct 
  

   leaves 
  are 
  grown 
  on 
  the 
  plant. 
  

  

  Tomatoes, 
  beets, 
  eggplants, 
  and 
  celery 
  

   should 
  be 
  transplanted 
  first 
  in 
  new 
  boxes, 
  an 
  

   inch 
  apart, 
  giving 
  them 
  more 
  space 
  to 
  de- 
  

   velop 
  in. 
  Before 
  they 
  are 
  set 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  open, 
  

   they 
  will 
  do 
  better 
  if 
  their 
  tops 
  are 
  cut 
  off. 
  

  

  Even 
  sweet 
  corn, 
  lima 
  beans, 
  canteloupe, 
  and 
  

   watermelon 
  can 
  be 
  started 
  early 
  and 
  then 
  

   transplanted, 
  but 
  a 
  different 
  principle 
  in 
  sow- 
  

   ing 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  followed. 
  Good, 
  solid 
  sod 
  is 
  cut 
  

   in 
  squares 
  about 
  two 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter 
  and 
  

   placed, 
  not 
  touching 
  one 
  another, 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  

   soil 
  in 
  boxes 
  as 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  other 
  vegetables. 
  

   Three 
  to 
  four 
  seeds 
  are 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  center 
  of 
  

   the 
  sod 
  pieces 
  and 
  covered 
  with 
  about 
  one-half 
  

   an 
  inch 
  of 
  soil. 
  If 
  the 
  plants 
  come 
  up, 
  the 
  

   roots 
  will 
  grow 
  into 
  the 
  sod 
  ; 
  the 
  plants 
  can 
  

   then 
  be 
  taken 
  up 
  at 
  the 
  proper 
  time 
  by 
  hand- 
  

   ling 
  them 
  correctly. 
  Of 
  course, 
  care 
  must 
  be 
  

   taken 
  to 
  moisten 
  the 
  sod 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  

   fall 
  apart, 
  either 
  by 
  lifting 
  it 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  box 
  or 
  

   setting 
  it 
  into 
  the 
  ground. 
  Hardening 
  the 
  

   plants 
  is 
  necessary. 
  This 
  is 
  done 
  first 
  by 
  open- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  window 
  on 
  clear, 
  sunny, 
  mild 
  days 
  at 
  

   the 
  noon 
  hour, 
  and 
  is 
  followed 
  up 
  later, 
  at 
  the 
  

   end 
  of 
  March 
  and 
  during 
  April, 
  by 
  taking 
  the 
  

   boxes 
  outside 
  in 
  the 
  sun 
  on 
  warm, 
  mild 
  days 
  

   for 
  a 
  few 
  hours. 
  

  

  Lettuce, 
  cabbage, 
  celery, 
  parsley, 
  cauliflower, 
  

   and 
  kohlrabi 
  can 
  be 
  set 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  open 
  in 
  

   April 
  if 
  properly 
  hardened. 
  Tomatoes, 
  egg- 
  

   plant, 
  corn, 
  lima 
  beans, 
  and 
  melons 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  

   safely 
  transplanted 
  in 
  the 
  open 
  before 
  May 
  

   15th 
  in 
  the 
  latitude 
  of 
  New 
  York, 
  even 
  then 
  

   they 
  should 
  be 
  covered 
  every 
  night 
  with 
  an 
  

   empty 
  flower-pot, 
  or 
  its 
  like, 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  

   week 
  or 
  two. 
  Otherwise 
  their 
  growth 
  will 
  be 
  

   retarded 
  by 
  the 
  chilly 
  night 
  air 
  or 
  killed 
  by 
  a 
  

   late, 
  light 
  frost. 
  

  

  In 
  transplanting 
  one 
  rule 
  prevails: 
  press 
  the 
  

   soil 
  firmly 
  around 
  the 
  newly 
  set-out 
  plant 
  so 
  as 
  

   to 
  get 
  the 
  air 
  out. 
  Daily 
  watering 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  

   few 
  weeks, 
  if 
  the 
  weather 
  is 
  dry, 
  is 
  necessary. 
  

   The 
  distance 
  to 
  set 
  out 
  each 
  plant 
  varies, 
  but, 
  

   taking 
  for 
  granted 
  that 
  the 
  space 
  is 
  limited, 
  the 
  

   minimum 
  distances 
  are 
  as 
  follows: 
  

  

  Lettuce, 
  eight 
  inches 
  each 
  way 
  ; 
  cabbage, 
  

   cauliflower, 
  one 
  foot 
  apart; 
  tomatoes, 
  corn, 
  

   celery, 
  bush 
  or 
  pole 
  limas, 
  two 
  feet 
  apart 
  ; 
  beets, 
  

   parsley, 
  and 
  kohlrabi, 
  in 
  rows 
  about 
  three 
  

   inches 
  apart 
  ; 
  canteloupes, 
  in 
  hills 
  four 
  feet 
  each 
  

   way; 
  watermelons, 
  five 
  feet 
  each 
  way. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  well 
  to 
  understand 
  that 
  the 
  ground 
  

   where 
  plants 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  set 
  out 
  must 
  be 
  properly 
  

   prepared 
  by 
  plowing 
  or 
  spading 
  over, 
  and 
  must 
  

   be 
  well 
  pulverized 
  with 
  the 
  rake 
  or 
  harrow. 
  

   A 
  liberal 
  supply 
  of 
  well-rotted 
  manure 
  should 
  

   be 
  well 
  worked 
  in 
  the 
  soil, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  tender 
  

  

  