﻿March, 
  1907 
  

  

  AMERICAN 
  HOMES 
  AND 
  GARDENS 
  

  

  103 
  

  

  9 
  — 
  Green 
  Bog-oak 
  Is 
  the 
  Trim 
  of 
  the 
  Hall 
  

  

  upon 
  the 
  soil 
  and 
  country 
  which 
  surrounds 
  it. 
  Rivers 
  that 
  pass 
  

   through 
  crowded 
  cities 
  are 
  unsuitable 
  sources 
  of 
  water 
  supply, 
  

   but 
  the 
  water 
  at 
  their 
  heads 
  is 
  markedly 
  purer 
  than 
  that 
  near 
  

   their 
  mouths 
  and 
  approximates 
  spring 
  water 
  in 
  purity. 
  The 
  

   waters 
  of 
  lakes 
  and 
  ponds 
  are 
  loaded 
  with 
  mineral 
  constitu- 
  

   ents. 
  Both 
  spring 
  and 
  deep 
  well 
  water 
  are 
  regarded 
  as 
  very 
  

   palatable 
  and 
  seldom 
  contain 
  bacteria 
  unless 
  specially 
  pol- 
  

   luted. 
  Wells 
  for 
  domestic 
  purposes 
  must 
  be 
  deep 
  driven 
  in 
  soil 
  

   free 
  from 
  impurities 
  and 
  placed 
  far 
  enough 
  away 
  from 
  all 
  

   sources 
  of 
  contamination 
  to 
  be 
  wholly 
  free 
  from 
  their 
  influ- 
  

   ence. 
  Artesian 
  wells 
  are 
  well 
  known 
  sources 
  of 
  water 
  supply, 
  

   and 
  if 
  driven 
  deep 
  enough 
  are 
  independent 
  of 
  sub-soil 
  im- 
  

   purities 
  by 
  which 
  ordinary 
  wells 
  are 
  chiefly 
  affected. 
  

  

  Water 
  is 
  rarely 
  pumped 
  direct 
  from 
  the 
  

   sources 
  of 
  supply 
  to 
  the 
  distributing 
  

   agencies 
  within 
  the 
  house, 
  but 
  must 
  be 
  

   stored 
  in 
  reservoirs 
  if 
  large 
  quantities 
  are 
  

   desired, 
  in 
  cisterns 
  or 
  tanks 
  if 
  smaller 
  quan- 
  

   tities 
  suffice. 
  Reservoirs 
  are 
  lined 
  with 
  

   brick; 
  cisterns 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  cement 
  and 
  

   slate. 
  Neither 
  mortar 
  nor 
  metals 
  should 
  

   be 
  used 
  in 
  either 
  case, 
  the 
  former 
  giving 
  up 
  

   lime 
  to 
  the 
  water. 
  The 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  cistern 
  

   will 
  depend 
  on 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  water 
  to 
  be 
  

   stored, 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  house, 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  

   persons 
  living 
  in 
  it, 
  and 
  the 
  availability 
  of 
  

   the 
  water 
  supply. 
  

  

  Natural 
  waters 
  being 
  impure 
  sanitary 
  

   science 
  has 
  given 
  great 
  attention 
  to 
  their 
  

   purification. 
  This 
  may 
  be 
  concerned 
  with 
  

   its 
  physical, 
  chemical 
  or 
  biological 
  state. 
  

   Thus 
  turbid 
  water 
  may 
  be 
  made 
  clear; 
  wa- 
  

   ter 
  may 
  be 
  deprived 
  of 
  its 
  mineral 
  impur- 
  

   ities 
  and 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  rendered 
  practically 
  free 
  

   from 
  harmful 
  bacteria. 
  Various 
  methods 
  

   are 
  employed 
  for 
  this 
  purpose. 
  

  

  Many 
  streams 
  and 
  lakes 
  are 
  self-purify- 
  

   ing. 
  While 
  this 
  is 
  often 
  accomplished 
  to 
  

   a 
  very 
  extraordinary 
  extent 
  li 
  is 
  by 
  no 
  

   means 
  universal 
  in 
  its 
  results 
  and 
  can 
  not 
  

   always 
  be 
  depended 
  upon. 
  Filtration 
  is 
  

  

  regarded 
  as 
  a 
  much 
  more 
  safe 
  and 
  efficient 
  

   method, 
  and 
  in 
  one 
  form 
  or 
  another 
  is 
  now 
  

   regarded 
  with 
  great 
  favor 
  for 
  all 
  municipal 
  

   plants. 
  It 
  not 
  only 
  removes 
  particles 
  

   suspended 
  in 
  the 
  water, 
  but 
  diminishes 
  the 
  

   organic 
  matter 
  and 
  bacteria 
  in 
  the 
  water. 
  

   Several 
  methods 
  have 
  come 
  into 
  general 
  

   use. 
  

  

  Sand 
  filtration 
  is 
  now 
  largely 
  practised. 
  

   A 
  continuous 
  filter 
  is 
  used 
  when 
  the 
  water 
  

   is 
  passed 
  through 
  the 
  filter 
  continuously 
  

   and 
  is 
  advisable 
  when 
  the 
  water 
  is 
  highly 
  

   polluted. 
  Intermittent 
  filtration 
  must 
  be 
  

   employed 
  when 
  the 
  water 
  is 
  highly 
  polluted 
  

   and 
  the 
  flow 
  of 
  water 
  can 
  be 
  interrupted 
  

   from 
  time 
  to 
  time. 
  The 
  larger 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   purification 
  process 
  in 
  a 
  sand 
  filter 
  is 
  carried 
  

   out 
  on 
  or 
  near 
  the 
  filter 
  surface. 
  

  

  Several 
  forms 
  of 
  mechanical 
  filtration 
  

   are 
  also 
  in 
  use 
  and 
  depend 
  on 
  the 
  passing 
  

   of 
  large 
  bodies 
  of 
  water 
  through 
  limited 
  

   sand 
  areas, 
  chiefly 
  under 
  considerable 
  pres- 
  

   sure. 
  Iron 
  or 
  alum 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  coagulant, 
  

   precipitating 
  the 
  suspended 
  matter 
  and 
  bac- 
  

   teria. 
  Small 
  filters 
  of 
  this 
  sort 
  are 
  some- 
  

   times 
  used 
  for 
  household 
  purposes, 
  and 
  

   have 
  also 
  been 
  employed 
  for 
  large 
  plants. 
  

   Household 
  filters 
  are 
  used 
  either 
  for 
  the 
  

   whole 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  supply 
  or 
  that 
  used 
  for 
  

   cooking 
  and 
  drinking 
  purposes. 
  They 
  should 
  have 
  sufficient 
  

   purifying 
  power 
  to 
  restrain 
  all 
  suspended 
  matters, 
  remove 
  

   dissolved 
  organic 
  or 
  deleterious 
  matter 
  and 
  arrest 
  micro- 
  

   organisms 
  and 
  be 
  able 
  to 
  accomplish 
  these 
  purposes 
  in 
  a 
  rea- 
  

   sonably 
  lasting 
  manner; 
  the 
  filtering 
  medium 
  should 
  yield 
  

   nothing 
  to 
  the 
  water; 
  the 
  delivery 
  should 
  be 
  good 
  and 
  as 
  

   rapid 
  as 
  efficient 
  purification 
  will 
  permit; 
  the 
  apparatus 
  must 
  

   be 
  constructed 
  so 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  readily 
  taken 
  apart, 
  examined 
  and 
  

   cleaned, 
  and 
  it 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  subject 
  to 
  decay. 
  The 
  best 
  of 
  

   domestic 
  filters 
  require 
  frequent 
  cleaning 
  and 
  careful 
  

   watching. 
  

  

  Other 
  methods 
  of 
  water 
  purification 
  include 
  distillation, 
  

   boiling 
  and 
  treatment 
  with 
  chemicals. 
  

  

  10 
  — 
  Dining-room 
  Is 
  Trimmed 
  with 
  Oak, 
  and 
  the 
  Fireplace 
  Has 
  

   Faience 
  Tiled 
  Facings 
  and 
  Hearth 
  

  

  