﻿28o 
  

  

  AMERICAN 
  HOMES 
  AND 
  GARDENS 
  

  

  July, 
  1907 
  

  

  Household 
  Ventilation 
  

  

  By 
  Ralph 
  Adams 
  Blake 
  

  

  

  I 
  

  

  

  s:<7 
  

  

  

  il 
  

  

  n 
  

  

  m*A 
  

  

  y 
  

  

  1 
  

  

  I 
  

  

  

  s 
  

  

  

  

  mm 
  

  

  

  

  

  '@& 
  

  

  

  

  .^QS^jg^ 
  

  

  ' 
  OUSEHOLD 
  ventilation 
  is 
  concerned 
  with 
  

  

  the 
  sanitation 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  hy 
  means 
  of 
  pure 
  

  

  Its 
  primary 
  dependence 
  is 
  on 
  a 
  good 
  

  

  air. 
  

  

  supply 
  of 
  good 
  external 
  air. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  

   always 
  possible, 
  even 
  if 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  desir- 
  

   able, 
  to 
  locate 
  the 
  house 
  in 
  a 
  breezy 
  neigh- 
  

   borhood, 
  but 
  sites 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  air 
  has 
  a 
  

   tendency 
  toward 
  stagnation 
  should 
  be 
  avoided. 
  So 
  also 
  

   should 
  sites 
  which 
  are 
  reached 
  by 
  winds 
  from 
  noxious 
  sources, 
  

   offensive 
  cow 
  stables, 
  for 
  example, 
  stagnant 
  water 
  and 
  sim- 
  

   ilar 
  sources 
  of 
  disease. 
  A 
  house 
  that 
  faces 
  the 
  prevailing 
  

   winds, 
  or 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  most 
  used 
  rooms 
  are 
  reached 
  by 
  the 
  

   prevailing 
  winds, 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  preferred 
  to 
  one 
  in 
  which 
  no 
  ad- 
  

   vantage 
  is 
  taken 
  of 
  natural 
  air 
  movements. 
  

  

  Ventilation 
  is 
  the 
  science 
  of 
  air 
  movement. 
  It 
  is 
  con- 
  

   cerned 
  with 
  natural 
  movements 
  and 
  artificial 
  movements. 
  

   Natural 
  movements 
  are 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  free 
  external 
  air, 
  over 
  

   which 
  man 
  has 
  no 
  control, 
  but 
  which 
  he 
  must 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  he 
  

   can 
  subdue 
  to 
  his 
  own 
  use, 
  and 
  which 
  is 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  all 
  

   artificial 
  air 
  movements. 
  Artificial 
  movements 
  are 
  those 
  

   brought 
  about 
  or 
  created 
  by 
  human 
  agency. 
  Their 
  control 
  

   is 
  dependent 
  upon 
  the 
  velocity 
  of 
  the 
  wind 
  and 
  the 
  difference 
  

   between 
  the 
  indoor 
  and 
  outdoor 
  temperature 
  of 
  the 
  house. 
  

  

  A 
  good 
  ventilating 
  system, 
  that 
  is, 
  one 
  that 
  has 
  efficiency 
  

   and 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  depended 
  upon 
  for 
  service 
  in 
  all 
  weathers 
  

   and 
  at 
  all 
  seasons 
  of 
  the 
  year, 
  must 
  be 
  artificial. 
  No 
  de- 
  

   pendence 
  can 
  be 
  placed 
  on 
  the 
  wind, 
  for 
  not 
  only 
  is 
  it 
  exceed- 
  

   ingly 
  variable 
  by 
  nature, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  harsh 
  North 
  American 
  

   climate 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  impossible 
  to 
  obtain 
  proper 
  ventilation 
  by 
  

   the 
  simple 
  opening 
  of 
  doors 
  and 
  windows. 
  And 
  ventilation, 
  

   of 
  course, 
  is 
  something 
  wholly 
  different 
  from 
  a 
  "cooling 
  off" 
  

   process. 
  The 
  air 
  of 
  a 
  house 
  must 
  be 
  changed 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  be 
  

   made 
  fit 
  to 
  breathe, 
  a 
  change 
  as 
  imperative 
  and 
  as 
  important 
  

   as 
  any 
  other 
  cleansing 
  process. 
  The 
  average 
  house, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  is 
  apt 
  to 
  be 
  much 
  less 
  ventilated 
  in 
  winter 
  than 
  in 
  sum- 
  

   mer, 
  because 
  the 
  occupants 
  do 
  not 
  realize 
  the 
  necessity 
  for 
  

   such 
  frequent 
  air 
  changes 
  as 
  follow, 
  as 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  course, 
  

   in 
  the 
  warm 
  season. 
  But 
  ventilation 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  seasonable 
  

  

  affair, 
  but 
  an 
  all 
  the 
  year 
  round 
  necessity, 
  and 
  such 
  devices 
  

   as 
  are 
  employed 
  for 
  ventilating 
  purposes 
  are 
  due 
  to 
  this 
  fact. 
  

  

  Otherwise 
  very 
  efficient 
  ventilation 
  would 
  be 
  had 
  by 
  open- 
  

   ing 
  all 
  the 
  doors 
  and 
  windows. 
  This 
  would 
  not 
  ventilate 
  the 
  

   plumbing 
  system 
  nor 
  the 
  heating 
  system, 
  but 
  it 
  would 
  result 
  

   in 
  thoroughly 
  changing 
  the 
  internal 
  air, 
  the 
  more 
  especially 
  

   if 
  the 
  house 
  be 
  situated 
  in 
  a 
  windy 
  region. 
  This 
  is 
  the 
  

   simplest 
  form 
  of 
  household 
  ventilation, 
  and 
  effective 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  

   in 
  the 
  summer, 
  it 
  is 
  less 
  effective 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  and 
  fall, 
  and 
  

   in 
  the 
  winter 
  it 
  is 
  of 
  so 
  little 
  value 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  scarce 
  worthy 
  of 
  

   mention. 
  But 
  this 
  does 
  not 
  mean 
  that 
  windows 
  should 
  not 
  

   be 
  opened 
  in 
  the 
  cold 
  season. 
  As 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  fact 
  they 
  should 
  

   be 
  opened 
  at 
  all 
  times 
  whenever 
  possible, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  cold 
  

   weather 
  some 
  assisting 
  devices 
  are 
  needed, 
  for 
  a 
  room 
  in 
  

   which 
  a 
  current 
  of 
  cold 
  air 
  has 
  been 
  permitted 
  to 
  enter 
  must 
  

   be 
  heated 
  before 
  it 
  is 
  again 
  fit 
  for 
  human 
  occupancy. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  ordinary 
  house 
  ventilation 
  is 
  chiefly 
  effected 
  by 
  the 
  

   doors, 
  windows, 
  chimneys 
  and 
  other 
  openings. 
  As 
  it 
  is 
  im- 
  

   possible 
  in 
  our 
  northern 
  climates 
  to 
  keep 
  any 
  large 
  opening 
  

   open 
  for 
  any 
  length 
  of 
  time, 
  various 
  methods 
  of 
  obtaining 
  

   fresh 
  air 
  from 
  them 
  have 
  come 
  into 
  use. 
  An 
  opening 
  may 
  

   be 
  effected 
  in 
  the 
  head 
  moldings 
  of 
  the 
  frame, 
  or 
  pieces 
  of 
  

   wood 
  inserted 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  window 
  and 
  air 
  obtained 
  

   at 
  the 
  junction 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  and 
  lower 
  sashes, 
  and 
  other 
  de- 
  

   vices 
  of 
  like 
  nature. 
  

  

  Inlets 
  and 
  outlets 
  for 
  admitting 
  and 
  drawing 
  out 
  air 
  are 
  

   also 
  sometimes 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  walls. 
  Some 
  uncertainty 
  exists 
  

   as 
  to 
  the 
  best 
  place 
  at 
  which 
  inlets 
  should 
  be 
  located, 
  but 
  

   they 
  should 
  always 
  be 
  above 
  the 
  heads 
  of 
  the 
  occupants 
  of 
  the 
  

   room. 
  Several 
  special 
  devices 
  and 
  forms, 
  including 
  protec- 
  

   tive 
  openings, 
  have 
  come 
  into 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  general 
  use. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  ordinary 
  outlet 
  is 
  the 
  fireplace, 
  and 
  a 
  very 
  valu- 
  

   able 
  one 
  it 
  is. 
  A 
  room 
  with 
  a 
  fireplace 
  in 
  which 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  

   fire 
  is 
  generally 
  well 
  ventilated. 
  This 
  result 
  can 
  also 
  be 
  

   brought 
  about 
  by 
  placing 
  a 
  gas 
  jet 
  or 
  other 
  small 
  heating 
  

   flame 
  in 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  chimney. 
  Outlets 
  are 
  also 
  sometimes 
  

   placed 
  in 
  the 
  wall 
  of 
  a 
  form 
  similar 
  to 
  the 
  inlet; 
  they 
  must, 
  

   however, 
  be 
  located 
  as 
  far 
  apart 
  from 
  each 
  other 
  as 
  possible. 
  

  

  Old 
  Farmington 
  

  

  Concluded 
  from 
  page 
  265 
  

  

  Mr. 
  J. 
  B. 
  Ryan, 
  a 
  most 
  genial 
  host, 
  who 
  welcomes 
  his 
  guests 
  

   and 
  speeds 
  their 
  parting 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  old 
  style 
  as 
  the 
  innkeeper 
  

   of 
  Colonial 
  times. 
  It 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  those 
  few 
  old 
  inns 
  in 
  New 
  

   England 
  which 
  is 
  still 
  preserved 
  with 
  practically 
  all 
  its 
  orig- 
  

   inal 
  characteristics. 
  Few 
  visitors 
  to 
  the 
  inn, 
  however, 
  are 
  

   aware 
  that 
  a 
  house 
  of 
  1660 
  is 
  concealed 
  in 
  the 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  

   mass 
  of 
  buildings 
  which 
  now 
  form 
  the 
  present 
  hostelry. 
  The 
  

   inn 
  has 
  an 
  atmosphere 
  of 
  perfect 
  quietude, 
  with 
  its 
  long 
  

   rambling 
  roof 
  resting 
  under 
  the 
  shade 
  of 
  the 
  magnificent 
  elms 
  

   with 
  which 
  it 
  is 
  surrounded. 
  One 
  of 
  these 
  elms, 
  still 
  living, 
  

   was 
  planted 
  in 
  1774. 
  The 
  old 
  tavern 
  sign 
  of 
  the 
  inn 
  is 
  in 
  

   the 
  possession 
  of 
  Julius 
  Gay, 
  and 
  bears 
  a 
  picture 
  of 
  a 
  house 
  

   on 
  one 
  side 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  reverse 
  that 
  of 
  a 
  goddess 
  armed 
  

   with 
  spear 
  and 
  shield 
  in 
  apparel 
  better 
  befitting 
  the 
  heat 
  of 
  

   summer 
  than 
  the 
  blasts 
  of 
  winter. 
  She 
  was 
  doubtless 
  the 
  

   first 
  goddess 
  to 
  bear 
  on 
  her 
  shield 
  the 
  three 
  grape 
  vines 
  of 
  

   Connecticut. 
  General 
  Washington, 
  during 
  the 
  Revolution- 
  

   ary 
  War, 
  stopped 
  here 
  on 
  his 
  way 
  through 
  Farmington 
  to 
  

   meet 
  General 
  Lafayette. 
  The 
  old 
  house 
  has 
  a 
  smoking-room, 
  

   with 
  its 
  old 
  fireplace 
  filled 
  with 
  blazing 
  logs, 
  where 
  have 
  

  

  hung 
  through 
  all 
  these 
  years 
  the 
  original 
  cranes 
  and 
  pots. 
  It 
  

   is 
  a 
  quaint 
  and 
  cheerful 
  place 
  full 
  of 
  old 
  memories. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  conclusion 
  of 
  this 
  paper, 
  I 
  can 
  give 
  no 
  better 
  ex- 
  

   pression 
  than 
  the 
  one 
  contained 
  in 
  Mr. 
  Robert 
  Brandagee's 
  

   "Farmington 
  Myth." 
  

  

  "When 
  the 
  Lord 
  made 
  the 
  world, 
  He 
  made 
  Asia, 
  Africa 
  

   and 
  Europe, 
  and 
  last 
  of 
  all 
  He 
  made 
  North 
  and 
  South 
  

   America. 
  He 
  made 
  the 
  Americas 
  with 
  special 
  care, 
  as 
  that 
  

   is 
  the 
  place 
  where 
  the 
  nations 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  would 
  finally 
  

   come 
  together. 
  When 
  the 
  Lord 
  was 
  making 
  New 
  England, 
  

   one 
  of 
  the 
  little 
  angels 
  asked 
  that 
  he, 
  too, 
  might 
  make 
  a 
  State. 
  

   So 
  the 
  Lord 
  let 
  him 
  make 
  the 
  State 
  of 
  Connecticut. 
  As 
  the 
  

   little 
  angel 
  shaped 
  the 
  rivers 
  and 
  built 
  up 
  the 
  mountains, 
  his 
  

   cheeks 
  were 
  red 
  with 
  excitement. 
  But 
  when 
  the 
  work 
  was 
  

   nearly 
  finished, 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  large 
  hollow, 
  and 
  the 
  material 
  

   was 
  all 
  gone. 
  Then 
  the 
  little 
  angel 
  was 
  overwhelmed 
  with 
  

   confusion. 
  But 
  the 
  Lord 
  took 
  him 
  kindly 
  by 
  the 
  hand, 
  and 
  

   the 
  Lord 
  took 
  from 
  the 
  folds 
  of 
  His 
  mantle 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   stuff 
  of 
  which 
  paradise 
  is 
  made, 
  and 
  he 
  fitted 
  it 
  into 
  the 
  hole, 
  

   and 
  the 
  place 
  was 
  Farmington." 
  

  

  