﻿October, 
  1907 
  

  

  AMERICAN 
  HOMES 
  AND 
  GARDENS 
  

  

  XIX 
  

  

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  without 
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  opening 
  on 
  all 
  sides 
  so 
  the 
  

   air 
  can 
  circulate 
  through. 
  Small, 
  low 
  win- 
  

   dows 
  in 
  a 
  cellar 
  are 
  an 
  abomination. 
  The 
  

   higher 
  up 
  they 
  can 
  be 
  placed 
  to 
  admit 
  air 
  and 
  

   sunlight 
  the 
  better 
  will 
  the 
  effect 
  be 
  upon 
  the 
  

   health 
  of 
  the 
  family. 
  The 
  windows 
  in 
  par- 
  

   ticular 
  should 
  open 
  on 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  east 
  sides 
  

   to 
  get 
  the 
  full 
  benefit 
  of 
  the 
  sunlight. 
  A 
  cel- 
  

   lar 
  with 
  the 
  sunlight 
  streaming 
  half 
  across 
  it 
  

   in 
  the 
  morning 
  or 
  midday 
  must 
  possess 
  great 
  

   advantages 
  over 
  another 
  which 
  has 
  no 
  such 
  

   admission 
  of 
  sunlight. 
  

  

  The 
  emphasis 
  placed 
  on 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  

   securing 
  perfectly 
  dry 
  cellars 
  and 
  living- 
  

   rooms 
  is 
  not 
  overdone, 
  for 
  half 
  the 
  ills 
  from 
  

   which 
  we 
  suffer 
  are 
  probably 
  directly 
  or 
  in- 
  

   directly 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  unsanitary 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  

   lower 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  house. 
  Rheumatism, 
  fevers 
  

   and 
  general 
  debility 
  frequently 
  owe 
  their 
  

   origin 
  to 
  the 
  dampness 
  of 
  our 
  living 
  quarters. 
  

   But 
  next 
  to 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  plumb- 
  

   ing. 
  Here, 
  too, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  common 
  tendency 
  

   to 
  sacrifice 
  health 
  for 
  appearances. 
  A 
  fancy, 
  

   showy 
  system 
  of 
  plumbing, 
  including 
  nickel- 
  

   plated 
  piping 
  and 
  faucets, 
  handsome 
  bowls 
  and 
  

   basins, 
  and 
  all 
  the 
  little 
  extras 
  which 
  go 
  with 
  

   it, 
  gives 
  no 
  assurance 
  of 
  immunity 
  from 
  sewer 
  

   gas 
  and 
  leakages. 
  A 
  poorly 
  installed 
  system 
  

   of 
  plumbing 
  may 
  give 
  endless 
  trouble 
  and 
  ex- 
  

   pense, 
  and 
  improper 
  placing 
  of 
  traps 
  and 
  joints 
  

   may 
  make 
  a 
  pest-house 
  out 
  of 
  a 
  "house 
  beau- 
  

   tiful." 
  To 
  many 
  the 
  idea 
  of 
  "open 
  plumbing" 
  

   means 
  perfectly 
  sanitary 
  plumbing. 
  Nothing 
  

   could 
  be 
  further 
  from 
  the 
  truth. 
  The 
  only 
  

   advantage 
  of 
  open 
  plumbing 
  is 
  that 
  any 
  

   danger 
  point 
  is 
  exposed 
  to 
  view, 
  and 
  it 
  can 
  

   thus 
  be 
  immediately 
  corrected. 
  A 
  leak 
  can 
  not 
  

   go 
  on 
  indefinitely 
  without 
  attracting 
  attention. 
  

   The 
  first 
  essential 
  is, 
  therefore, 
  a 
  properly 
  de- 
  

   signed 
  system 
  installed 
  with 
  true 
  regard 
  to 
  

   sanitary 
  safeguards. 
  The 
  arrangements 
  of 
  

   traps, 
  bowls 
  and 
  connections 
  should 
  be 
  made 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  flow 
  is 
  all 
  toward 
  the 
  outlet 
  con- 
  

   nected 
  with 
  the 
  sewer 
  pipe. 
  Each 
  trap 
  should 
  

   be 
  sufficiently 
  deep 
  to 
  make 
  the 
  inflow 
  of 
  gas 
  

   absolutely 
  impossible. 
  A 
  diagram 
  of 
  the 
  

   plumbing 
  system 
  should 
  be 
  submitted 
  to 
  the 
  

   owner 
  before 
  the 
  contract 
  is 
  signed, 
  and 
  then 
  

   a 
  little 
  study 
  of 
  it 
  will 
  convince 
  even 
  an 
  ama- 
  

   teur 
  of 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  a 
  perfect 
  installation. 
  In 
  

   addition 
  to 
  this, 
  both 
  the 
  water 
  and 
  smoke 
  

   test 
  should 
  be 
  insisted 
  upon 
  before 
  acceptance 
  

   of 
  the 
  work. 
  The 
  water 
  test 
  is 
  generally 
  made 
  

   before 
  the 
  bowls 
  are 
  put 
  in 
  position, 
  and 
  is 
  

   intended 
  to 
  test 
  joints. 
  When 
  all 
  the 
  fix- 
  

   tures 
  are 
  put 
  in 
  position 
  the 
  smoke 
  test 
  should 
  

   be 
  applied 
  to 
  see 
  if 
  any 
  leaks 
  are 
  apparent 
  in 
  

   any 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  house. 
  In 
  wiping 
  joints 
  often 
  

   slight 
  pinhole 
  leaks 
  are 
  left, 
  and 
  these 
  can 
  

   only 
  be 
  discovered 
  by 
  the 
  smoke 
  test. 
  The 
  

   best 
  plumbers 
  will 
  apply 
  these 
  two 
  tests 
  for 
  

   their 
  own 
  satisfaction, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  well 
  to 
  see 
  

   that 
  they 
  are 
  attended 
  to. 
  If 
  necessary, 
  a 
  pro- 
  

   vision 
  to 
  this 
  effect 
  should 
  be 
  inserted 
  in 
  the 
  

   contract. 
  

  

  The 
  heating 
  and 
  ventilation 
  of 
  the 
  modern 
  

   house 
  are 
  special 
  matters 
  of 
  the 
  utmost 
  im- 
  

   portance. 
  With 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  steam 
  

   and 
  hot 
  water 
  heating 
  there 
  has 
  disap- 
  

   peared 
  the 
  old-fashioned 
  open 
  grate 
  in 
  many 
  

   houses. 
  The 
  abolishment 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  has 
  in- 
  

   creased 
  the 
  difficulty 
  of 
  perfect 
  ventilation. 
  

   The 
  vitiated 
  air 
  of 
  our 
  living-rooms 
  formerly 
  

   had 
  a 
  good 
  outlet 
  up 
  the 
  open 
  grates 
  to 
  the 
  

   chimneys, 
  and 
  all 
  that 
  was 
  necessary 
  to 
  keep 
  

   the 
  atmosphere 
  in 
  good 
  condition 
  was 
  to 
  admit 
  

   fresh 
  outside 
  air 
  by 
  door 
  or 
  window. 
  Now 
  we 
  

   may 
  admit 
  pure 
  outside 
  air, 
  but 
  unless 
  we 
  

   provide 
  an 
  outlet 
  for 
  the 
  impure 
  air 
  we 
  do 
  

   not 
  get 
  good 
  ventilation. 
  There 
  must 
  be 
  

   some 
  method 
  of 
  escape 
  for 
  the 
  air 
  which 
  we 
  

   have 
  breathed. 
  An 
  open 
  transom 
  over 
  a 
  win- 
  

   dow 
  may 
  do 
  this, 
  but 
  many 
  have 
  permanent 
  

   ventilators 
  installed 
  above 
  the 
  windows 
  in 
  each 
  

   room. 
  These 
  ventilators 
  are 
  made 
  incon- 
  

   spicuous 
  and 
  form 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  wall 
  decora- 
  

  

  