March. 1913 



AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS 



XXI 11 



THE METALS IN ANTIQUITY 



IN his Huxley memorial lecture Prof. W. 

 Gowland traced the origin of the smelt- 

 ing furnace to the camp fire, in which, if 

 by chance a lump of ore either of copper 

 carbonate, tin-stone, or brown iron ore or 

 hematite, had been one of the ring of stones 

 surrounding the camp or domestic fire and 

 had accidently become embedded in its em- 

 bers, it would undoubtedly be reduced to 

 metal. 



The metals which occur — native copper, 

 gold and iron — were undoubtedly the first 

 to be known to man in the localities in 

 which they occurred, but until the art of 

 smelting metals had been invented, the dis- 

 covery and use of the native metals was in- 

 sufficient to affect to any great extent the 

 old Stone Age culture. 



Gold, although doubtless the first metal 

 to be known in many localities owing to its 

 wide distribution in the sands of rivers, 

 was useless for any practical purpose. 



Copper, however, or an alloy of the metal 

 with tin, antimony, or arsenic, was extracted 

 from ores at a very remote period, and it or 

 its alloys was the first to be applied to prac- 

 tical use. In fact, the first metal to be ob- 

 tained by primitive man by smelting copper 

 ores depended on their composition, and in 

 the localities where tin did not occur it was 

 a more or less impure copper. 



The extraction of gold from its ores on 

 a large scale in the earliest times was at- 

 tributed to the Sudan district of Egypt. 



Egypt is also noted for having produced 

 the first mining map in the world, a map 

 showing a gold-mining region of the time of 

 Seti I or Rameses II (1350 to 1330 B. C). 



The influence of silver and lead on the 

 development of primitive culture was shown 

 to be insignificant, the latter metal only be- 

 coming of importance during the supremacy 

 of the Romans, in connection with their 

 elaborate systems for the supply and distri- 

 bution of water and in the construction of 

 baths. 



As regards iron, the belief that the first 

 iron generally known to man was either of 

 meteoric origin or telluric native iron is 

 not supported by any substantial evidence. 

 Xor is such origin necessary, as iron ores 

 are so easily reducible that they can be con- 

 verted into metallic iron in an ordinary 

 charcoal fire. They are, in fact, reduced to 

 metal at a considerably lower temperature 

 than the ores of copper. 



The earliest iron smelting in Europe has 

 been traced to the upper waters of the 

 Danubian tributaries, the ancient Noricum, 

 but in still earlier times iron was extracted 

 from its ores in the region on the southeast 

 of the Euxine, in Ferghana and other locali- 

 ties in Asia. In Africa, so far as metal- 

 lurgical evidence may be depended on, the 

 extraction of iron from its ores was carried 

 on at a remote date. That this early Afri- 

 can iron smelting was known in Egypt is 

 well shown by a bas-relief on a stone now 

 in the Egyptian collection in Florence. 



RARE EGGS 



THE price of the eggs of the great auk, 

 despite their scarcity — there are but 

 seventy-three in existence, and the great 

 auk is extinct — is going down along with 

 that of the barnyard product, con ^nts the 

 New York Evening Post. Two grt_ 'uk's 

 eggs were recently sold in London. e 



went for about $800 and the other for 

 guineas less. The first one was sold in 18-., 

 for considerably over $900. The best price 

 record ever made by an auk tgg appears to 

 have been in 1888 by one belonging to Sir 

 J. H. Greville Smyth, and now in the Bris- 

 tol Museum. A collector paid $1,125 for it. 



The 



The Andrews Steel Boiler is the 

 Most Efficient and Durable Made 



n be no doubt in anyone's mind of ihe extra efficiency of Andrews 

 Steel Boilers, if they are given the least study. Being made of plate steel and 

 having nearly double the heating surface of any boiler made, they heat up very 

 quickly on small amount of fuel of any grade. The flues are easily accessible 

 and can be cleaned thoroughly in a few minutes. The fire pot and combus- 

 tion chamber are large, the grate is of the latest rocking and dumping pattern 

 and the entire design is aimed at utmost efficiency. 



360 Days Free Trial 



Guaranteed by Bond 



The Andrews Systems have been sold for over thirteen years and today they 

 are giving excellent satisfaction in over 700 cities and towns scattered over the 

 country. Doctors, lawyers, engineers, and men in all lines of business have 

 profited by our method of selling cut-to-fit, ready to erect heating plants. No 

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 Easily Installed in 

 New or Old Houses 

 Estimate FREE 



No matter what your problem of heating 

 may be write for our free estimate on a plant 

 to meet your exact requirements. Send 

 us your plans or rough diagram of your 

 building, showing sizes of each floor, loca- 

 tion of windows, height of ceilings, etc., 

 and our engineers will give you the cost of 

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 station, freight prepaid. 



Andrews Heating Co. Boise, Idaho, Jan. 14. 1910. 



My neighbor says it requires 1 V-> hours hard firing to heat 

 his radiators. My radiators get hot in twenty-five minute*. 

 He uses another make. Our houses are the same size. He 

 used 40% more coal. I put my Andrews plantin 

 myself, working evenings, and saved over $200. 

 We are more than satisfied. 



Very truly yours, L. C. Bowers, M.D. 



Regurgitating Salety Valve and 

 Group System of Piping 



The Andrews Regurgitating Safety Valve i> a 

 wonderful little device which enables the use of smaller 

 radiators and piping, at the same time maintains the full 

 efficiency. This makes a saving in the cost of 

 the plant as well as a decrease in the floor space 

 needed by radiators for other systems. Our group 

 system of piping gives independent circulation in 

 practically every radiator, thus doing away with 

 one radiator decreasing the efficiency of ot 1 ers 

 on the same lead. All rooms are heated evenly. 



Most Economical and 

 Gives Greatest Comlort 



The first cost of a plant is not the item on which 

 choice should be based. Fuel economy and durability 

 as well as ease of operation and general contort 



obtained are the essential items and these are provided in the fullest 



measure by the Andrews Hot Water Systems. 



Write for Big Free Heating Book 



This book of 72 large pages is full of practical knowledge on the best 

 heating methods. Its illustrations and text afford a broad education in 

 the problems of heating and everyone interested should write for it 

 whether they contemplate buying an Andrew System or not. It also 

 describes other lines for 



1 



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$20 Thermostat FREE 



modernizing the home 

 such as Sewage Dispo- 

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 Thermostats, A i r - 

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 In writing, please send 

 name of two parties in- 

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As a special hurry-up offer to American 



Homes and Gardens readers we will give free 



one of our famous "Hired Man" Thermostats 



to each person answering this ad within 30 days 

 and buying an Andrews System of any size 



during 1913. This heat regulator takes complete charge of the dampers 

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tending the dampers. Regular price #20— Clock $5 extra. Write today. 



Andrews Heating Co. 



Sold 

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 Freight ^miUll*^ a Dealer 



1316 Heating Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn 



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THE LEADING ART JOURNAL! 



With the October Number 1912 begins the l6 ,h Volume. 



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The Great Art Exhi- 

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Works by Otto H. Engel, Hermann Gohler, Arthu 

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Plastic -Art 



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Darmstadt, 



Furniture 



Porcelain 



Paul Plontke, Ivan Thiele, Hans Toepper and others 



Professor Eugen Bracht- 

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 the jubilee Exhibition 



on theoccassionof his 70"' birth- 

 day. Ramon &. V. Zubiaurre 

 (Madrid): Pictures from the international Exhibition 

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 painter TheKrawehl-House 

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 Architect re, the whole of the 

 interior arrangements and fit- 

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 Industry. Metal-work, Por- 

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 Costumes by Paul Poiret 

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