SOIL PROFILE AXD ROOT PEXETRATIOX BY APPLE TREES 13 



BERRIEX SOILS 



Closely associated with the soils of the Dunkirk series are loamy 

 fine sands and light fine sandy loams of the Berrien series which have 

 almost the same value for apple-orchard purposes. These soils have 

 developed largely from water-laid material. The surface soil and the 

 upper part of the subsoil is well drained, but drainage in the deeper 

 part of the subsoil is restricted to some extent by layers of silty clay. 

 Mottling of light gray and rust brown occurs in a deep zone of the 

 subsoil, but this seems to indicate a less harmful condition in soils of 

 this land than in soils of heavier texture, in which the zone of mottling 

 is near the surface. 



PETOSKEY SOILS 



In the vicinity of Genesee River and Irondequoit Bay are extensive 

 areas of brown loamy fine sand, which are nearly free from compact 

 or heavy layers and from mottling of gray and rust brown. They 

 have, however, in many places thin irregular layers of slightly ce- 

 mented reddish-brown sand. This soil (Petoskey loamy fine sand) 

 is used extensively for gardening, for use in greenhouses, for growing 

 peaches, and to less extent for apple orchards. 



LUCAS SOILS 



Of the Lucas soils, only Lucas silty clay loam was recognized in 

 Monroe Coimty. This soil is a gray or dark-gray silty clay loam. 

 The surface soil is granular and has a thin, shallow gray layer. The 

 entire subsoil breaks into very hard, blocky clods which effervesce 

 freely with acid below a depth of 30 inches. This soil is used to some 

 extent for apple orchards, and where examined, the roots were foimd 

 to penetrate the soil to a depth of more than 9 feet, principally by 

 following downward along cleavage planes. 



Lucas silty clay loam is used to some extent for apple orchards, 

 but owing to difficulty in handling it and to the slow growth of trees, 

 it is not the most desirable soil for this purpose. 



GROUP 2, SOILS WITH TIGHT SUBSOILS 



Soils of group 2 have a surface soil of slightly different color from 

 the soils of group 1. In places- the soils are light brown or grayish 

 brown and in others dark gray, dark grayish brown, or reddish brown. 

 The deep subsoil is tight or compact silty clay, or compact silt, fine 

 sandy loam, fine sand, or gravelly sandy till. The gray layer is 

 strongly developed, with abundant mottling of rust brown in the lower 

 part of the layer. Most soils in this group have smooth, nearly flat 

 surfaces and are not well drained. 



C'OLLAMER SOILS 



The soils of the Collamer series differ from those of the Dunkirk 

 series, with which they are closely associated, principally in having a 

 less well drained surface soil, a more compact deep subsoil, and a 

 more strongly developed gray and mottled layer. These soils have 

 developed on nearly level surfaces from the weathering of old lake- 

 laid material where underdrainage is restricted by heavy or compact 

 layers. These layers in places are not only nearly impervious but 

 are cross-bedded, twisted, bent, and distorted, causing pocketing and 



