144 



THE GARDEN MAGAZINE 



March, 1913 



GARDEN ORNAMENTS 



FROM beautiful flower-vases in Cast 

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We issue separate catalogues of Display 

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Address : Ornamental Deft. 



THE J. L. MOTT IRON WORKS 



FIFTH AVENUE AND 17TH STREET NEW YORK 



THE AUTHOR. OF 



A Plain American in England 



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Bureau of Mushroom Industry, Dept.15, 1342 N. Clark St., Chicago 



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GARDEN CITY NEW YORK 



The Bothersome Quack Grass 



THE remarkable vitality of quack-grass or 

 witch-grass (Agropyronrepens) lies in its under- 

 ground stems or rootstocks, often called roots. The 

 distinction between the two is that rootstocks have 

 buds on them as stems do, while roots have not. 

 Another very important distinction is that root- 

 stocks do not absorb material from the ground, 

 being dependent for their growth upon the material 

 absorbed by the roots and elaborated in the leaves, 

 in combination with the material which the leaves 

 draw from the air. This material forms the under- 

 ground stems, or rootstocks. The plant is simply 

 storing up material for next year. 



As the material for the growth of rootstocks 

 comes from the leaves, by limiting the development 

 of the top in any way the number of underground 

 stems produced is thereby limited. If little or no 

 top is allowed to grow, very little rootstock will be 

 developed. 



There are three ways of managing quack-grass 

 land that will bring about widely different conditions 

 in the vitality of the plant. The deepest and most 

 vigorous rootstock development of quack-grass is 

 found in cultivated fields, due, probably, to deep 

 preparation of the land. When the plant is left 

 undisturbed the rootstocks have a tendency to get 

 nearer the surface every year. Deep plowing puts 

 the stem back to the bottom of the furrow, and a 

 mass of tangled growth is then sent out toward the 

 surface. This new growth lives until the next year. 

 When the stems are buried deeply to begin with and 

 cultivation is not kept up long enough to kill out 

 the grass (and it usually is not on this type of land), 

 the plant takes a new lease on life after cultivation 

 stops, the loose deep soil furnishing an ideal place 

 in which to grow. 



If a meadow has been down for several years, and 

 especially if two cuttings of hay a year have been 

 secured, the rootstock development is found to be 

 about half the extent and depth of that found in 

 cultivated land. 



The smallest rootstock development is found in 

 closely grazed pasture lands. Here the under- 

 ground growth of quack-grass becomes a few mere 

 shreds very near the surface. 



That quack-grass can be destroyed by persistent 

 clean cultivation is well recognized; that the grass 

 in its worst form (where infesting a cultivated field) 

 can be killed in one season and a crop produced 

 simultaneously has also been demonstrated by the 

 Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, in their 

 Bulletin 149. 



The process of killing quack-grass on sod or 

 pasture lands, beginning in midsummer, is a very 

 simple one. The first step is to plow the sod, 

 cutting just under the turf, which is usually about 

 three inches deep. To thoroughly turn over a stiff 

 quack-grass sod as shallow as. three inches, use a 

 special type of plow having a very long, gradually 

 sloping moldboard, called a Scotch bottom. In a 

 week or ten days later, with a disk harrow, thor- 

 oughly disk the sod. Repeat this treatment every 

 ten days or two weeks until fall, when the quack- 

 grass will be completely destroyed. 



If the disk alone is to be used, it should- be set 

 practically straight, well weighted with bags of 

 dirt, and the field gone over three or four times. 

 The first two cuttings should be at right angles and 

 the other cuttings diagonally across. The sod in 

 this way is divided into small blocks. Then the 

 disk is set at an angle, when it will be found that the 

 first two or three inches of the sod, which contain 

 practically all of the quack-grass roots, can be cut 

 loose from the soil below. The exposure to the sun 

 and the breaking loose from the lower soil soon kill 

 the quack-grass. This ground should be gone 

 over at intervals of ten days or two weeks through- 

 out the remainder of the season. 



Mr. J. S. Gates, in his bulletin 464, "The Eradica- 

 tion of Quack-grass," issued by the United States 

 Department of Agriculture, after giving this in- 

 formation, says that the following spring the 

 infested land, on which the grass has been killed 

 either by the disking method or by the combination 

 of plowing and disking, should be plowed to a good 

 depth in order to thoroughly bury the mass of dead 

 roots. This will facilitate the cultivation of the 

 spring crop. If the work has been carefully done 

 the quack-grass roots will not show up at all in 

 the spring crop. 



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