THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF BOTANY BAY. 127 



completely denuded of sand on the western side. There 

 are also evidences of this westerly movement of the sand 

 at Cook's River entrance, but at Long Pier the direction 

 of the sand travel, on this side of the bay, is unmistakable. 



At Sans Souci the beach sand is slowly being moved 

 towards Kogarah Bay by the flood tide into George's River, 

 as shown by comparative soundings taken in recent years, 

 but the movement is not pronounced enough to be visible 

 to the casual observer. If George's River did not exist, 

 this sand would be conveyed eastwards to Quibray Bay 

 and Weeney Bay, both of which would long ago have been 

 filled up. At present they are slowly being filled by blown 

 sand from the Oronulla dunes, which, in the first part of 

 this paper, were referred to as being built upon the banner 

 reef which was formed between the old island of Kurnell 

 and the mainland. 



The author sees no reason to call in positive earth move- 

 ment or negative movement of the ocean to account for 

 the high sand ridges and dunes met with on this or any 

 other portion of the New South Wales coast. The wind 

 action may be noted any day, and the various and fantastic 

 forms assumed by the moving sand may be plainly seen, on 

 a small scale, on any sandy shore, to agree with the form- 

 ation due to years of continued exposure to all sorts of 

 wind and weather. 



The author would like to call attention here to the so- 

 called dominant ivind so often referred to, with reference 

 to sand movement. There is no such thing as dominant 

 wind as applied to any but a very small area at one time. 

 What is a dominant wind at Bondi cannot be so called at 

 Manly Beach, nor can the wind which has most influence 

 on sand dune formation at the north shore of Botany Bay 

 have any effect at all on the sand movement on the southern 

 shore. It is therefore not correct to refer to the dominant 



