Vol. 58. | ASSOCIATED BEDS OF THE MALVERN HILLS, 131 
Continental geologists, following the lead of Linnarsson in 1869, 
have also grouped the foreign equivalents of the Tremadoc Series 
with the Ordovician rather than with the Cambrian. Prof. Brogger 
has strongly advocated this view.’ He points out that while the 
Euloma-Niobe fauna (Tremadoc) has marked peculiarities which 
entitle it to rank independently of the Arenig, it nevertheless 
presents a prevailingly Ordovician facies, due to the appearance of 
many of the characteristic Ordovician genera. Much may be said 
in favour of this view. The Malvern area, it is true, does not 
throw much new light on the question, but the somewhat frag- 
mentary fauna of the Bronsil Shales shows the same peculiarities as 
those that characterize the Huloma-Niobe fauna elsewhere, and thus 
permits the extension of Brogger’s generalizations to an additional 
area. I am, accordingly, inclined to endorse cordially the view 
held by Prof. Brogger and others, and to group the Tremadoc Series 
with the Ordovician, but with the reservation made by Moberg, that 
in so far as the Dictyonema-beds may be regarded as 
forming a definite zone, they should be grouped with 
the Tremadoe, and that the line between the Cambrian 
and the Ordovician should therefore be drawn below, 
instead of above these beds. 
(6) The White-Leaved-Oak Shales. 
The upper, and by far the greater part of the Malvern Black 
Shales belong to the zone of Spheerophthalmus alatus, Peltura scara- 
beoides, Ctenopyge pecten, and Agnostus trisectus. 
The underlying shales with Polyphyma Lapworthi evidently 
correspond to the lower part of the Oldbury Shales of Warwickshire, 
in which Prof. Lapworth speaks of this form [?‘ Beyrichta’] as 
perhaps the most abundant fossil.” They may also possibly be the 
equivalents of the Swedish zone of ‘ Beyrichia’ Angelini (a species 
probably congeneric with Polyphyma Lapworth *), which is situated 
below that of Peltura scarabeoides. This would be in harmony 
with the apparent absence of the zones of <Agnostus socialis and 
A, pisiformis from the Malvern area, which may be faultedout. On 
the other hand, Polyphyma Lapworthi appears to be specifically 
distinct from ‘ Beyrichia’ Angelini, and it is, moreover, possible 
that Agnostus pisiformis may occur in the concealed shales which 
overlie those containing Polyphyma. The occurrence of the mainly 
Menevian (and Lower Lingula-Flag) genus Protospongia, and of 
Kutorgina pusilla, in the zone of Polyphyma also supports the view 
that this zone underlies that of Agnostus pisiformis ; for K. pusilla, 
in Sweden, is characteristic of the zones of Paradoaides Forch- 
hammeri and Agnostus levigatus. It seems most probable, 
therefore, that the lowest black shales seen in the 
1 Nyt Mag. for Naturvidensk. vol. xxxvi (1898) pp. 236 e¢ segq. 
2 Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xv (1898) p. 347. 
3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lviii (1902) p. 83. 
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