152 COLONEL ENGLISH ON COAL- AND [Feb. 1902, 
south-western slopes of Mount St. Elias are also formed of thickly- 
bedded limestone. 
At Vernitza, the blue shales overlying the Nummulitic lime- 
stone, which are about 70 feet thick, are covered conformably by 
brownish- grey calcareous sandstones with rectangular 
partings. These strata, with occasional volcanic interruptions, form 
the principal features of the country, and apparently stretch con- 
tinuously nearly 50 miles to the eastward, to Ganos and Combos on 
the Marmora coast. 
A fault, or series of faults, running north-east and south-west, 
with a south-easterly downthrow, marks out the course of the Deli 
Osman River for about 5 miles north-east of Mount St. Elias, and 
no Kocene limestones or sandstones are visible south-east of this. 
line. North-west of it, the sandstones, with a northerly and north- 
westerly dip of 20° to 30°, form a continuous ridge from near Mount 
St. Elias for 10 miles, until they reach the sea at Ganos. Eastward 
from this point they form high cliffs along the coast, dipping 30° 
inland, and rise quickly into the mountain-mass of the Tekfur 
Dagh (Holy Mountain) about 3000 feet high, 3 miles inland from 
Ganos, which is the highest ground in the district. 
The sandstones are generally fine-grained, grey or greenish in 
fresh fractures, weathering to a dark brown, and breaking into 
rectangular fragments, often with calcite-partings; they contain 
thin subordinate beds of clay and shale, and few, if any, recognizable 
fossils. With occasional interruptions of basalt and 
rhyolite, they extend over a large area, perhaps three-quarters. 
of the whole extent of country described, and form a belt with 
several parallel folds and a general east-north-easterly and west- 
south-westerly strike. They skirt both sides of the upper portion 
of the Gulf of Xeros, and probably extend across its bed. 
Like all the other formations seen, they are concealed at intervals. 
under a mantle of reddish, unstratified, sandy clay unconformably 
overlying them, and containing small angular fragments of sandstone 
which generally do not exceed a few cubic inches in volume, 
The sandstones and associated beds are at least 3000 feet 
thick, both on the coast-section east of Ganos and in the western 
portion, along a south-easterly and north-westerly section following 
’ the road from Examil to the town of Keshan, a distance of 24 miles,. 
approximately at right angles to the line of strike. 
On this section, at the southernmost point exposed, near the 
village of Examil, the strata dip 30° to 15° northward for 2 miles. 
The head of the Gulf of Xeros, 6 miles wide, is covered by alluvium 
and stony clay, through which some small basaltic knolls appear.. 
Near the village of Kodja-chesme the sandstones reappear with a. 
south-easterly dip of 60° to 30°; and the ground rises rapidly to a 
well-marked anticlinal 3 miles beyond this point, with a north- 
easterly and south-westerly strike, which forms the ridge of the 
Kuru Dagh range of hills, about 1400 feet high, skirting the northern 
shore of the Gulf of Xeros. 
