Vol. 58.] PETROLEUM-DEPOSITS IN EUROPEAN TURKEY. 153: 
North-west of this point the dip is generally north-north- 
westerly 10° to 50° where it can be seen, for about 3 miles, when 
the sequence of the sandstones is interrupted for 2 miles by a mass. 
of scoriaceous olivine-basalt with palagonite. The 
sandstones are then covered by stony clay and alluvium for 4 miles, 
as far as the village of Teke-keui (about 4 miles from Keshan), 
where they reappear dipping 20° northward, and the road skirts 
another large mass of basaltic rock (melaphyre) as far as Keshan. 
I have not been able to determine satisfactorily whether these 
masses of basalt are intrusive or interbedded with the sandstones, 
but the general dip of the strata does not seem to be affected by 
them. Several similar basaltic masses appear among the sand- 
stones and higher strata to the south-west in a chain stretching 
eastward from the large volcanic mass forming the Enos mountain. 
Beyond Keshan to the north-west and north, the sandstones 
continue to dip in a northerly direction ati moderate angles into a 
synclinal basin, 8 miles across from south to north, along the edges 
of which the outerops of several seams of coal have been 
traced, 
One seam in particular crops out for a distance of at least 3 miles 
along the southern edge of the basin, at about 400 to 500 feet above 
sea-level, from a point 1 mile north-east of Keshan ; and the same 
seam, to all appearance, occurs again at Boztepe, 6 miles west of 
Keshan. Along the north-western edge of the basin, following a 
curved line passing through the villages of Boztepe, Beyendikeui, 
and Mousali, the sandstone-strata generally dip steeply south- 
eastward. 
A considerable fault, with a downthrow to the north of at least 
90 feet, dislocates the coal-seam at Boztepe; but the general features 
of the basin are so much concealed by stony clay, that the extent of 
this, and of other probable faults can only be ascertained by future 
underground workings. 
The coal is now being worked near Keshan, where it is from 3 to 
33 feet thick, and consists of a bituminous hard coal with the 
characteristic features of cannel, burning with a long flame and 
little smoke. The coal is non-coking, does not soil the fingers, and 
breaks with a cubical, occasionally a conchoidal fracture. The 
specific gravity is about 1°37, and good samples yield about 2 per 
cent. of grey ash. Near the outcrop, so far as the workings have 
as yet gone, the coal is deposited directly on the sandstone and has 
a hard clay-roof about 2 feet thick, in which many impressions of 
dicotyledonous leaves occur. 
A remarkable feature in connection with this deposit is the 
occurrence above the coal, and generally separated from it by about 
40 feet of shales, clays, and sandstones, of a thick layer (usually 40 
to 50 feet) of brecciated rhyolite. This layer is very persistent, 
and has possibly had some influence in the conversion of lignite into 
true coal. Overlying the coal near Mousali, on the northern edge of 
the basin, there is a layer of decomposed andesite, with much 
biotite. Near the centre of the basin, 4 miles north of Bulgarkeui, 
