Vol. 58.] PETROLEUM-DEPOSITS IN EUROPEAN TURKEY. 155 
As I have not been able to find a complete section of the sand- 
stones free from interruption by basalt or stony clay, I cannot say 
definitely whereabouts in the series the coal occurs, but I am 
inclined to place it not far from the middle; there are more 
shale-beds interstratified with the sandstones near the coal-horizon 
than far above or below it. 
A seam of coal of similar quality, also interbedded with these 
sandstones, and 2 feet 4 inches thick, crops out at Capoudjidere, 
3 miles north-east of Examil, at the head of the Gulf of Xeros. 
The sandstones and coal are here dipping 50° south-eastward, 
directly into the hill which forms the southern slope of the Kavak 
river-valley, at about 400 feet above sea-level. 
A layer of brecciated rhyolite ic interstratified with the 
sandstone-beds between the villages of Kiskapan and Grabuna, and 
may probably be the same as that at Keshan, but no coal has yet 
been found in connection with it. 
Much-disturbed beds of doubtful age occur to the south-west of 
this, apparently overlying the sandstones. Among them are several 
outcrops of palagonite-tuff, interstratified with thinly-bedded 
shales, which come to the surface near the village of Geltic. In 
one specimen microscopic foraminifera (Globigerina) are included in 
the tuff. A sample of fragmental, possibly reconstructed limestone 
from near Bekeui contains a few small Nummulites biarritzensis 
and other foraminifera:—Carpenteria, Operculina complanata, 
Orbitoides papyracea, and O. sumatrensis; also angular quartz- 
granules, pieces of dolomite, and probably palagonite. 
In apparent connection with these beds is a series of variegated 
clays and sands. Similar clays appear to the east of Mount 
St. Elias, where they are tilted to very steep angles, and are of con- 
siderable thickness, perhaps 500 feet. The upper tributaries of the 
Deli Osman River have cut deep gorges through these beds, in which 
mineral springs occur. 
A large expanse of hard limestones overlying the above- 
mentioned tuffs includes the sea-cliffs near Ibridji, on the Gulf of 
Xeros, These strata are generally grey, very hard, semi-crystalline, 
and sometimes thickly-bedded. A specimen from Ibridji was largely 
composed of foraminifera, Lithothamnion, polyzoa, and ostracoda. 
The recognizable foraminifera belong to the genera Spiroloculina, 
Planispwr ina, Textularia, Anomalina, and Heterostegina. Another 
specimen from about 3 miles north of Ibridji, of fragmental lime- 
stone with much calcitic cement, was also composed largely of 
foraminifera, Lithothamnion, and polyzoa, containing Miliolina, 
Globigerina, Pulvinulina, Amphistegina, and Heterostegina. 
Near Erekli, on the coast 4 miles west of Ibridji, and at Fakirma 
village north of this, a capping of soft friable limestone- 
beds of Miocene (Helvetian) age occurs, containing Pecten 
subbenedictus, Ostrea, and Cardium. These Miocene rocks apparently 
extend westward along the coast as far as Cape Gremia at the 
