Vol. 58. | PETROLEUM-DEPOSITS IN EUROPEAN TURKEY. 157 
The naphtha has a specific gravity of about 0°825, and contains 
about 10 per cent. of paraffin ; it is accompanied as usual by a flow 
of bitter-salt water. 
The naphtha-sands and marls, with a thickness of perhaps 1000 
feet, occupy the surface from Sarkeui eastward as far as Ganos, for 
a length of about 15 miles along the coast, and extend inland for 
an average breadth of about 3 miles. The strata are very much 
disturbed over the whole area, and are nearly vertical in places. 
The only fossil that I have seen from them is a specimen of a small 
variety of Melanopsis. West of Sarkeui the naphtha-sands are 
hidden by red stony clay, but show in many of the gorges. 
Indications of naphtha, in the shape of sands with a strong smell 
of petroleum and surface-oozings of bitumen, occur at many points 
hetween Ganos and Sarkeui. Several beds of lignite, 12 to 18 inches 
thick, are intercalated. North-eastward from the naphtha-borings, 
these sands and marls can be traced for about 14 miles, nearly as far 
as the village of Milos, where they have a conglomerate-capping 
containing Planorbis and Cyrena, and dipping 30° northward. 
It has hitherto proved impracticable to determine from the 
surface whether the Eocene sandstones and limestones exist under 
the Pliocene strata; but a deep boring now proposed will probably 
settle this point, and also the presence or absence o the coal-horizon 
in this part of the country. 
The stony clay, which has several times been referred to, is 
spread unconformably over all the formations already described. In 
general it occupies the lower grounds, but has no apparent connection 
with the present drainage-system. At Ibridji it covers a limestone- 
saddle about 420 feet above the sea-level. In many places it is of 
considerable thickness, and a shaft sunk in it to a depth of 170 feet 
near Boztepe has not reached the bottom. At the eastern end of 
the district, it abuts against the flanks of the sandstone-mountains 
of the Tekfur Dagh to a height of about 1000 feet, and forms a 
considerable mass, covering a saddleback which forms the water- 
parting of the Ganos and Milos Brooks, and stretching down 
both valleys towards the sea, with a thickness, where exposed in a 
ravine leading to the Ganos Brook, of at least 100 feet, and a surface- 
slope of about 4° from the mountain. 
Many scratched and striated sandstone-boulders (see 
figure, p. 158) occur in the clay near Milos village, at 900 to 1000 feet 
above thesea-level. Lower down the Milos Valley near the naphtha- 
borings, the mass changes in character, and becomes much more 
stony and full of subangular and facetted sandstone-boulders, which 
fill up the valleys through which the Deli Osman River and Milos 
Brook run. The existing streams have cut their way through this 
deposit, rearranging the boulders and carrying them down the valley 
towards the beach at Hora. Neither the upper nor the under surface 
of the stony mass agrees at all in slope with the existing river. 
One of the borings for naphtha, starting from the river-level, passed 
