Vol. 58. | PETROLEUM-DEPOSITS IN EUROPEAN TURKEY, 159 
above the present sea-level. The remains consist of rounded 
sandstone-pebbles up to 2 inches in diameter, cemented into a strong 
concrete by a calcareous matrix. Where the underlying sands, 
which dip about 10° north-eastward, are weathered out, large 
tabular masses of concrete, 3 and 4 feet thick, have tumbled down 
the slope; but the upper surface, where preserved, is singularly level, 
and can be traced for ? mile along the coast. 
The lighthouse is built on the most salient remaining knoll. The 
natural concrete contains, between the pebbles, abundant specimens 
of the recent fluviatile shell Drewssensia polymorpha, and a Neritina 
(probably NV. danubiuls), showing that, at the time of the formation 
of this beach, the Dardanelles Channel could not have been open to 
its present depth. ‘The fresh water within the Sea of Marmora 
uiust, at that epoch, have stood at a sufficient height to collect the 
drainage of the whole of South-eastern Europe and Western Asia, 
an area of at least 2,000,000 square miles, into a freshwater 
sea, from which the volume of water discharged would, even with 
the present small rainfall, not be less than twice that of Niagara. 
The Dardanelles Channel is itself a gorge cut back through soft 
horizontal Miocene strata, with every appearance of rapid erosion by 
falling water. 
At Myriophyto, 6 miles west of Hora, there are obscure traces of 
a pebble-conglomerate at about 330 feet above sea-level; but I could 
not find enough material a situ to enable me to speak with con- 
fidence as to whether the remains are those of another ‘raised 
beach.’ 
Along the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea, terraces occur at 
several points, at various heights up. to about 700 or 800 feet, as. 
judged from the sea. Prof. Wright, in his paper read before the 
Society on March 6th, 1901," described one of these at Trebizond at 
the 650-feet level, as a deposit of fresh-looking beach-gravel. I think 
that the freshwater beach at Hora affords a strong presumption that 
the water, when standing at these higher levels, was also fresh, and 
not brought in from the Mediterranean. 
A high level of fresh water, gradually collected by rainfall or ice- 
drainage, and released by rapid erosion of the drainage-channel from 
the levels indicated by these beaches, may account for a number of 
perplexing problems in these regions, without invoking a series of 
inland continental subsidences and subsequent re-elevations. 
I have to thank Mr. R. B. Newton, F.G.S., for very kindly 
identifying many of the fossils collected. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 
Geological sketch-map of a portion of Turkey-in-Europe, bordering the Gulf 
of Xeros and the Sea of Marmora, on the scale of one quarter of an inch to the 
toile. 
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. lvii, p. 249, 
