Vol. 58.] BRECCIAS AND THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THHIR AGE, 185 
12. On the Revation of Cnrraty Breccras to the PuysicaL GroGRAPHY 
of tHEIR Aer. By Prof. THomas Grorce Bonney, D.8c., 
LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.8. (Read February 5th, 1902.) 
I. Inrropucrory. 
Brecceras and conglomerates have always attracted me, and the 
former especially since I had opportunities, about ten years ago, of 
examining one of the most interesting examples in Europe. They 
afforded problems, to which I failed to find answers in all respects 
satisfactory ; so in the hope of obtaining further information I spent, 
during the summer of 1900, some days in the Western Thuringer- 
wald, with my friend the Rev. Edwin Hill, in order to study the 
noted breccias of the Rothliegende, and last July again examined, 
and more fully than before, the beds of breccia, sections of which 
are well displayed along the high road in the Val des Ormonts 
above Le Sepey. In former years I had visited the Permian 
Breccias of the English Midlands and those now assigned to that 
period in Devon. All these exhibit certain features in common, 
some of which are also found in the so-called Dolomitic Conglo- 
merate in the South-west of England. So I purpose to give a brief 
summary of the principal characters of each of these deposits, 
concluding with some comparatively modern breccias, in order that, 
if I cannot completely unravel their history, I may at least. bring 
the more significant facts into a clearer focus." 
Il. Tae‘ Brooxkrams’ of NorTH-WESTERN ENGLAND. 
These | have never had an opportunity of examining, but gather 
the following facts from the careful descriptions which have 
appeared in print.” The beds of Brockram are intercalated in the 
red Penrith Sandstone, which in the vicinity of that town is un- 
interrupted either by them or by shales. Brockrams can be traced in 
a north-westerly direction from Kirkby Stephen to beyond Appleby,’ 
and are also strongly developed in Dumfries-shire, where they thin 
towards the south or south-west. The authors of the Survey 
Memoir describe in the Appleby district two Brockrams, separated 
by a mass of false-bedded red sandstone, the lower one of which 
they describe more minutely. This (according to Mr. Woodward’s 
‘ I have referred in the course of this communication to the books and 
papers which I have consulted with profit; and I have to thank Dr. W. T. 
Blanford, Dr. R. H. Scott, Prof. Garwood, and Mr. Wickham King for their 
great kindness in giving me information in reply to enquiries. 
* Mem. Geol. Surv. 1897 ‘ Appleby, Ullswater, etc.’ p. 72; and papers by 
Murchison, Harkness, Goodchild, Irving, and others, for references to which see 
me Woodward’s ‘ Geo]. of England & Wales’ 2nd ed. (1887) s.v. Permian 
p. 210. 
* From one town to the other is about 10 miles. 
