Vol. 58. | THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THEIR AGE. _ 205 
to such an origin. Thus,it was a series of terrestrial reptiles that 
was associated with the Dolomitic Conglomerate of the West of 
England. But in the Sivalik rocks of the North of India, pebble- 
beds of enormous thickness occurred in strata with a very large 
mammalian fauna. The absence of marine fossils supported the con- 
clusion that the rock-materials of such strata were formed upon land, 
rolled down from a mountain-chain as boulders, and were rounded 
at the present day in the tributaries of the Indus, but extended 
along the flank of a range, such as the Himalayas, which furnished 
the supply. 
Mr. UssnEr thought the paper too brief for so interesting a 
subject, and he hoped that it was only an instalment of a series of 
contributions from the Author’s facile pen. The Author had not 
made enough of Devon, where there were several distinct types of 
breccias, some of them resembling the Flysch and some containing 
huge igneous fragments. Water-action failed to account adequately 
for their transportation; Ramsay had suggested ice-action, but 
failed to adduce evidence in support of it. On the borders of 
Dartmoor there were quartz-porphyry dykes in situ in the Culm- 
Measures, identical with the material found in certain New Red 
breccias. 
Mr. Srrawan called attention to some features in the Dolomitic 
Conglomerate of South Wales. The rock there fringed inliers of 
Carboniferous Limestone, which had obviously been Triassic islands. 
The islands were of no great height, and often quite small. They 
could scarcely have given rise to landslips, yet the breccias extended 
from them for halfa mile or more. Some of the islands survived until 
Liassic times ; the material which fell from them into Liassic water 
was rolled into shingle, whereas that which fell in Triassic times 
remained angular or nearly so. Among the breccias had been found 
slabs of rock bearing the impressions of reptilian footprints, a cir- 
cumstance which was in favour of their subaérial origin. But, on 
the other hand,in a subaérial talus the largest blocks always travelled 
farthest ; whefeas, in the Triassic breccias, the material became 
gradually finer the farther it receded from the source, until the 
breccia tailed away in a thin sheet scarcely coarser than the marls 
with which it was interbedded. 
Mr. Crement Reip pointed out that there were extensive flats in 
Sussex, made up of a breccia of angular flint-rubble and Chalk. The 
fossils found in association with these were unmistakably terrestrial, 
and pointed to a dry and cold period. Across the Channel similar 
deposits occurred, interstratified with loess and containing mollusca 
indicative of a cold climate. One need, however, go no farther than 
Brighton to see an excellent Pleistocene breccia. 
Mr. H. B. Woopwarp remarked that the breccias in the North- 
east of Scotland should be spoken of as the Sutherland, and not the 
Caithness breccias. There detritus which had broken away from 
old cliffs had been commingled with sands and muds, in which 
remains of cycads and corals occurred ; and probably the climatic 
conditions were less severe than in some other regions to which 
