Vol. 58.] PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BARBADOS, ETC. 309 
surfaces of both have been extensively denuded, so that the under- 
lying limestones appear in places at the surface. Prof. Gregory * 
also contributes some knowledge of the corals of the higher levels, 
derived from the collections of Messrs. Jukes-Browne & Franks, 
found at Castle Grant (at an altitude of over 1000 feet) and at other 
points (at over 600 feet in elevation). Their low-level collections 
were from Ceres (70 to 90 feet above tidemark). Of the 13 species 
found at high levels, 7 occur not only in the ‘low levels’ of Jukes- 
Browne & Franks, but also in the terrace near Bath at an elevation 
of about 150 feet, where they were collected by the present writer. 
This important deposit will be described in its proper place. 
My own high-level collections were rendered valueless by an 
accident, after I had brought them to Washington. As the fossils 
of the Bath terrace do not contain any admixture of older forms, 
they cannot date much farther back than the Pleistocene Period. 
T am inelined to explain the occurrence of the 7 identical species 
at the higher levels and at Bath, as having been obtained from 
remnants of the newer formation filling hollows in the eroded 
surface of the older high-level limestones. This feature may be 
seen in ascending the western side of the island, where pockets 
rich in corals form a contrast with the prevailing scarcity of organic 
remains of the older formation. 
Of the remaining 6 species, out of the 13 mentioned, 3 are 
reported in both the high-and low-level collections. One of these 
—Cyphastrea costata, Duncan—is a West Indian Oligocene form. 
It may have been unconsciously obtained at Ceres, where the older 
limestones come to the surface, as is the case of my collection near 
the Cathedral. The remaining 3 species come from only the high- 
level deposits. ‘Two of them are Oligocene types of the West Indies, 
and the third a new species suggestive of the same. The late Prof. 
Duncan has also described Astrea barbadensis from both. Barbados 
and Antigua (Oligocene). In Nugent’s collection from Antigua, 
which Duncan studied, there were some living forms. That ad- 
mixture has led some writers to regard his conclusions with doubt. 
It may here be said that my collection of 15 species, several of 
which are new, has been found by Dr. Vaughan to consist entirely 
of ancient types referable to the Oligocene Period. My collections 
came from the older limestone-beds of Antigua, and I suspect that 
the recent forms found by Duncan came from beds of an upper 
series related to, or above, the Mechanical Marls of that island. 
The amount of erosion which the Jower limestones have suffered 
has been enormous, so that they have at various points been entirely 
removed before the formation of the overlying reefs, as shown near 
Bath. This will be referred to again. From the corals already 
known (the shells are mostly casts), from the physical characters 
here set forth, and from their counterparts in Antigua, Guadeloupe, 
Anguilla, ete., one is led to conclude that the White Limestone 
Series in the different islands are of the same age as that primarily 
* Quart. Journ, Geol. Soe. vol. li (1895) p. 285. 
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