Vol. 58.] CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONES OF CEYLON. 401 
in the river-gravels are derived from the dolomitic limestones ; and, 
further, he saw in Colombo a specimen of calcite containing rather 
large crystals of zircon. I have never found corundum or zircon in 
the limestones, though spinel is very commonly seen in them. 
The object of the present paper is to give a somewhat more 
complete account than has yet been attempted of the crystalline 
limestones and their relation to the (igneous) granulites (Char- 
nockite Series) among which they are found. It is based on 
observations made in Ceylon in 1901, and refers especially to the 
Kandy and Hakgala districts, while limestones from Matale and 
farther north are referred to, and also some from Balangoda and 
Rakwane. 
The crystalline rocks of Ceylon may be classified as follows :-— 
(1) Older Gneisses (orthogneisses),— These have suffered 
from earth-movements to a considerable extent, previous to the 
introduction of the extensive Granulite or Charnockite Series. 
(2) Crystalline Limestones (cipolins of French authors).— 
These occur in bands or beds of very various width, the boundaries 
of which are parallel to the foliation (mineral banding) of the granu- 
lific igneous rocks with which they are associated. 
(3) Charnockite Series or Granulites.—These constitute the 
mountain-massif of South-Central Ceylon, and are probably intrusive 
in the older gneisses. (Dykes of a rock which may be connected 
with the Charnockite Series are clearly intrusive in the older gneiss 
at Ambalangoda.) ‘These rocks are specially characterized by mineral 
banding and variation in chemical and mineralogical composition. 
They are all transitions from pure pyroxene-rocks to pure quartz- 
rocks. The limestones are interbanded with these rocks, and almost 
inseparably connected with them. The rocks of the Point de Galle 
Group must be included in the Charnockite Series, and form a sub- 
division thereof. This group includes granulitic rocks, in part largely 
composed of pyroxene, wollastonite, and scapolite, and in part 
resembling types of rock more usual in Ceylon. 
The rocks included in Divisions (2) and (8) have, since their final consolida- 
tion, remained almost unaffected by deforming earth-movements. 
With regard to terminology, I have adopted the name Char- 
nockite Series for the granulitic igneous rocks of Ceylon, on 
account of the convenience of employing a definite name for them, 
and because they resemble, more than they differ from, the Indian 
rocks to which this name has been applied by Mr. T. H. Holland. 
So far is this the case, that any considerable series of rock-specimens 
from the Nilghiri Hills, the Shevaroy Hills, or from near Madras and 
from near Madura, could only with difficulty be distinguished from 
such a collection from Ceylon. There are of course varieties forming 
part of this series in India that have not been matched in Ceylon, 
and vice versa. I feel, however, that there is some ambiguity in 
using the one term Charnockite for the whole series, and also 
for a special type of rock very characteristic of the series. Despite 
this objection, it seems more important to emphasize the re- 
semblances between Ceylon and Indian rocks than to propose a 
new term. 
