A472 MR. P, F. KENDALL ON A SYSTEM OF [ Aug. 1902, 
in the examination of a tract of country round Knaresborough, where 
an extra-morainic diversion of the River Nidd and some other lake- 
overflows are well displayed. Prof. Davis on that occasion mentioned 
some work of a like nature which was engaging the attention of 
Prof. G. K. Gilbert; and I am impelled to mention the fact, as 
this statement of Prof. Gilbert’s views undoubtedly aided me, to 
how great an extent I am unable to say. 
II. Moprern extRa-Morainic LAakss. 
Whenever a glacier or ice-sheet advances against or across the 
general slope of a country which is not occupied by ice, there will 
be a tendency to impound the natural drainage and to produce 
lakes. Such lakes, from their position, have been termed extra- 
morainic lakes,'—a term not wholly free from objection, as some 
ice-masses are not margined by any recognizable moraine; and, 
again, some such lakes he between the lobes or ridges of a moraine. 
But, with a reservation to cover all these cases, the term may 
be conveniently adopted. 
The Alps furnish few examples of these lakes, as they are best 
developed where the relief of the country is low and the ice-streams 
are large. The Mirjelen See is the best known, though not the only, 
glacier-lakelet of the Alps. It has been admirably described by 
inany writers, the best description in English being that given by 
Dr. Du Riche Preller.2. The present writer has also published some 
notes upon the lakelet and its floor-deposits.° 
Norway, with its more extensive ice-fields, furnishes more 
numerous and varied examples, such as the Daemmevand described 
by Capt. A. F. Mockler Ferryman* and Dr. P. A. Giyen.’ It is, how- 
ever, to the gigantic ‘ piedmont’ glaciers of Arctic America and the 
ice-sheet of Greenland that we must look for our best illustrations of 
this class of phenomena. ‘These great ice-floods must, in the nature 
of things, more frequently oppose and impound the drainage of the 
ice-free country than could be the case with greatly-crevassed glaciers. 
tlowing for a few miles down steep mountain-valleys. 
The chain of lakes held up in the Chaix Hills by the ice-stress. 
of the Malaspina Glacier are of great interest, and geologists will 
welcome a fuller description of them than that contained in 
Prof. I. C. Russell’s masterly memoir.° 
The great ice-sheet of Grinnell Land sustains marginal lakes. 
of large size, described by Gen. Greely in his ‘Three Years of 
Arctic Service’; but around the lobes of the Greenlandic ice-cap 
they are to be found in the greatest number and perfection.’ I would 
1 Carvill Lewis, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1887 (Manchester) p. 691. 
2. Geol. Mag. 1896, p. 97. 
3 Glac. Mag. vol. iii (1895) pp. 127-28. 
+ Geogr. Journ. vol. iv (1894) p. 524. 
* Bergens Museums Aarbog (1894-95) no. iil, 
‘ ©Glaciers of North America’ Boston, 1897, pp. 118-21. 
7 T. C. Chamberlin, ‘ Glacial Studies in Greenland’ Journ. of Geol. vols. ii,. 
iii, & iv (1894-96). . 
