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Vol. 58.] GLACIER-LAKES IN THE CLEVELAND HILLS. 485 
side the lower contours of a hillside pass unindented across beiow 
the intake (see Lady-Bridge Slack, Pl. XXII). 
The outfall often displays analogous characteristics, and a valley 
will open out inconsequently upon a steep hillside. The level at 
which the debouchure takes place is approximately the level of a lake, 
but it is often rendered obscure by subsequent cutting on the part 
of a small stream; the Murk-Mire-Moor and Ringing Keld valleys 
are, however, practically intact. The intake frequently presents 
modifications of interest, which corroborate the views here set forth 
_ regarding their origin. The head of the valley often makes a sharp 
turn towards the quarter whence the main overflow took place. 
For example, the head of Ewe-Crag Slack looks directly westward 
towards the chain of lakes drained by it, although the main 
valley runs nearly due north and south. ‘he same feature was 
observed by Mr. Muff and myself in an overflow at North Bierly, 
Bradford. 
In other cases, a marginal shelf and scarp runs up to the intake, 
produced, evidently, by the ice being thrust forward against the 
. lake-outflow, just in the 
Fig. 3.—Map of the Méryjelen See. same way that the 
ree Aletsch Glacier swells 
forward against the 
Eggischhorn (fig. 3). 
This feature is shown 
in a very marked manner 
by the intake of the 
Moss-Swang Valley at 
Lords Seat. 
At the outfall there is 
at times to be seen a 
mass of gravel consti- 
tuting the delta. The 
materials usually consist 
of a preponderance of 
the materials eroded from 
the valley, where these 
are of a sufficiently dur- 
able character to form 
pebbles, together with 
erratics washed over from 
the ice-front. Some- 
times these deltas are of 
very large size, and are 
ee | serail proportioned to 
the magnitude and duration of the overflow. The largest that I 
have seen in the Cleveland area are those of Newton Dale, Ewe- 
Crag Beck, Tranmire (or Stonegate), and Forge Valley. 
In connection with this I may mention a minor though interesting 
feature of outfalls, their bifurcation. Two quite distinct causes 
must be assigned. In an example in Cleveland at Smeathorne, a 
Gs: G 7S. Nog 25 l~ OT 
a 
