Vol. 58. ] GLACIER-LAKES IN THE CLEVELAND HILLS. Sits, 
River Leven, which flows down Kildale, takes its rise in the moorland 
to the south, and makes two turns nearly at right angles, so that its 
upper course is actually parallel to Kildale, but in the opposite 
direction. Here is very clearly a case of river-capture; and this 
conclusion is greatly strengthened by the fact that a tributary, 
in Lonsdale, similarly flows eastward and turns abruptly into the 
westerly drainage of Kildale. I think that these cases of capture 
belong to a pre-Glacial time. Lonsdale certainly was incorporated 
with the western drainage before the Glacial Period, but the head- 
waters of the Leven are not so cleara case. It is possible that both 
the Leven and its neighbour Sleddale Beck were captured by the 
western drainage before the Glacial Period, and that Sleddale Beck 
returned to its original direction. 
Kildale is obstructed at its western outlet by a moraine, 
which has compelled the Leven to make a new cut, the fine 
gorge at the Bleach Mill. The moraine is 100 feet above the 
floor of the valley, and the lowest part is at the northern end 
where the gorge is cut. The upper part of the valley is largely 
occupied by Drift-deposits, consisting mainly of sand and gravel, 
which cover the central part of the valley, and Boulder-Clay is 
mapped along the margins. 
Lonsdale, a valley long attached to the western system of drainage, 
opens into it on the northern side. Its high watershed is notched 
slightly at the top, at Gribdalegate, by what I take to be a small 
Glacial-lake overflow. The head of Kildale contracts in a very 
marked fashion before reaching the point of entry of the Leven, 
which is a very small and insignificant stream; then it expands to 
the watershed at West Bank. The watershed is broad and flat, 
and is occupied by an extensive bed of peat. Sleddale Beck 
comes in as soon as the watershed is passed, and is a large and swift 
stream, many times the volume of the Leven. It flows at first 
through a deep bed of alluvium, and then enters a more gorge-like 
region with steep rocky sides composed of the hard grit, instead of 
the Lias which formed the upper part of its course. It was early im- 
pressed upon me that some extensive overflow must have taken place 
across this pass during the Glacial Period, and I have taken some 
pains to form an idea of the exact order of events. The altitude 
of the Bilsdale overflow, which at the maximum extension of the ice 
is the only one by which an escape could be found to the westward 
for water in Eskdale and Kildale, is so much above the highest 
level of the Eskdale Lake (725 feet), that an inflow must have taken ‘ 
place from Kildale during that stage ; and I can discover no evidence 
of reversal of this flow, though it might have occurred as a temporary 
episode, and left no sign. There is, however, such an uninterrupted 
series of overflows into the Goathland area from the highest 
(725 feet) down to the lowest phase of Moss Swang (560), which 
is below the level of the West-House watershed, that I do not think 
a reversal of flow at all probable. This being so, there must have 
been a flow of water through the West-Bank pass into Eskdale. At 
the higher levels of Lake Eskdale (725 to 715 feet) there would have 
