542 MR, P. F. KENDALL ON A SYSTEM OF [ Aug. 1902, 
well below the intake of Evan-Howe Slack, it took the whole 
drainage. When this happened, the ice still stood for a short time 
against Swallow Head, the spur which bounded Kirk-Moor Lake, 
for the overflow across the spur at Moor-Close Plantation cuts at its 
lower end below the Evan-Howe-Slack intake. 
A final and, I think, rapid recession of the ice opened some way 
for the waters round the seaward end of Peak, and perhaps by 
channels cut in lower grounds of which marine denudation has left 
no relic; or it may be that some traces exist in the curious under- 
cliffs which have long been among the problems of the geology of 
the Yorkshire coast." 
I think it probable that during nearly the whole period of 
prevalence of the lakes which I have just described, water was 
flowing out of Iburndale by way of Biller-Howe Dale. No lower 
escape for the drainage of that valley or of the outer face of the 
Sneaton Moors existed, or could have existed without leaving 
unmistakable traces. 
J must mention two remarkable examples of deserted oxbows 
occurring in the system of valleys here described. They possess a 
more than common interest, as they are of opposite types, and 
prove with unusual clearness the nature of the agency which 
constrained the drainage in these channels and the radical change 
which was effected. 
A small deserted oxbow in Biller-Howe Dale has already been 
mentioned. In that case, the old channel was on the ‘iceward’ 
side of the more modern one, and I attributed its closure to a slight 
advance of the ice. An exactly similar, but far finer example is 
found running behind Brown Rigg—a bold and steep-sided hill 
dissected out of a high patch of moorland on the east side of the 
Jugger-Howe Valley. The old channel is very sharply cut ; it has 
a maximum depth of about 60 or 70 feet, and a length of nearly half 
a mile. At both ends, it opens out on the very precipitous wall of 
the Jugger-Howe Valley, at an altitude of about 60 or 70 feet above 
the floor of the valley. (See fig. 22, p. 543.) 
The explanation which occurred to me during my examination of 
the ground, was that this was a portion of the main marginal channel 
which was produced at an early stage of the ice-invasion, when the 
maximum extension was almost attained; and that a subsequent 
forward movement brought the ice-edge across one or both ends of 
this loop, and caused a new and deeper channel to be cut outside. 
In this particular case, interesting confirmation of my hypothesis 
was found in the discovery of a patch of stony clay with erratics on 
the northern end of Brown Rigg. Also, on a sort of terrace or bench 
on the face of the Jugger-Howe Valley, a little to the north of the 
intake of the oxbow, a quantity of gravel was found that extended 
up the slope to the watershed, which is rather low there. 
1 The undercliff at Peak is largely, Iam sure, of origin similar to the Cre- 
taceous undercliffs of the South of England. It is due, that is, to landslipping, 
as I have observed considerable landslips actually in motion. 
, 
