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570 GLACIER-LAKES IN THE CLEVELAND HILLs. [Aug. 1902, 
Author. The clays were obviously of lacustrine origin, but were 
entirely unfossiliferous, and no corresponding shore-lines could be 
discovered. Unfortunately, the necessity for detailed mapping had 
led to the area being so divided that no one officer of the Geological 
Survey had had an opportunity of examining both the lacustrine 
deposits and the deserted outlet of this lake. He heartily con- 
gratulated the Author on a most valuable piece of work. 
Mr. J. E. Crarx remarked that the fact that many perplexing 
points were made clear by this suggestive paper, made him very 
ready to fall in with the views contained in it. As to raised 
beaches, did they occur to any extent in now existing glacier- 
lakes? Their rapid fluctuation in level made it seem prima 
facie unlikely. The fact that the ice-fringe fell just short of the 
northern end of Forge Valley was botanically interesting, as that 
was, possibly, the only habitat of the May lly in England, an 
abundant species in Scandinavia. 
Mr. Harmer offered his warmest congratulations to the Author. 
The paper that he had just read was of great importance, and would 
be of service not only to glacialists working in the hills, but to those 
of the lower districts also. The way in which the surface of East 
Anglia had acquired its present form, for example, had always been 
difficult to explain. The whole region is intersected by valleys, 
great and small, out of all proportion, both in number and size, to © 
its extent, or to the streams which run, or ever could have run, in 
them. On such questions the Author’s paper threw much light ; 
and it would mark, he believed, a new departure in the study of 
Glacial geology. 
Mr. A. E. Satrer said that he was glad to find that glacial geo- 
logists were making more use of contoured maps. He regarded the 
area under consideration as of the same type as that lying between 
the Chalk and Oolitic escarpments of Central England, and thought 
that many of the interesting and complicated phenomena described 
by the Author could be better explained by regarding the area as 
being made up of ‘cuestas’ of Cretaceous and Oolitic strata, separated 
by lower ground. By the cutting-back of the two escarpments, the 
subsequent stream-valleys would be truncated, and a system of 
obsequent valleys formed, which would give rise to the gravel and 
other so-called ‘ Glacial’ deposits referred to. 
Mr. Barrow congratulated the Author on this paper. Having 
surveyed the area about Robin Hood’s Bay many years ago, he 
recognized at once that the Author’s ideas furnished a perfect key 
to the mode of formation of the narrow dry valleys that constitute 
so striking a feature of the watershed west of that area. 
The Rev. Joun Hawett said that he had accompanied the Author 
in very many of his excursions in the Cleveland district ; he had 
wandered with him through his ‘dry valleys, and assisted him in 
his boring operations. However convincing the Author’s excellent 
presentation of his conclusions and the evidence on which they were 
based had been, the evidence in the field was still more strikingly 
so. He had, himself, resided in the district for the last 22 years, 
