Vol. 58.] TEESDALE, WEARDALE, AND THE TYNE VALLEY. 573 
Il. Trrespare. 
(1) Topography and Structure. 
In order that the details which follow may be better understood, 
I purpose first to describe briefly the form and the solid geology of 
the district. 
The Tees rises on the eastern side of Cross Fell, and receives 
several tributaries from the surrounding hills. The upper part of 
the valley has a low gradient, especially in the region immediately 
above the waterfall of Cauldron Snout. The upper end is enclosed 
by a semicircle of hills, which are mostly over 2000 feet in height, 
some of them being over 2500 feet. These hills, commencing at the 
southern end, are Meldon (2403 feet), Knock Fell (2604 feet), Cross 
Fell (2930 feet), Rake End (2283 feet), and Calvert End (2196 
feet). 
About 2 miles from its source the Tees receives several tributaries 
from the semicircle of hills already mentioned; but the first 
important stream which falls in, is on the right bank and is 
known as Troutbeck. 
About a mile farther down Crookburn Beck comes in on the 
opposite bank, and the Tees enters on a stretch of level country 
through which it winds in a long expanse of still deep water known 
Fig. 1.—Section across the Weel. 
yy 
Yyy y bi 
Y 3 
YY Wi Y YY} YJ yy Wy yy 
[Vertical scale=twice the horizontal. ] 
as The Weel. Fig. 1 is asection of this part of the Dale. At 
the bottom of The Weel the river plunges over a cliff of basalt, 
forming the picturesque waterfall of Cauldron Snout. 
Immediately below Cauldron Snout, the Tees receives one of its 
most important tributaries, Maize Beck. 
Fig. 2.—Section across ‘This rises on the very summit of the 
Cronkley Gorge. Pennine Escarpment, in Great Rundale 
| Tarn, on Dufton Fell; it flows down the 
Te dip-slope, and receives several smaller 
streams from the east, and at a lower 
level from both banks. 
[Vertical scale=twice After receiving Maize Beck the Tees 
the horizontal. | runs through a narrow gorge between 
almost vertical cliffs of basalt (fig. 2), and 
emerges opposite Widdybank Farm. So soon as it reaches the open 
ground, the river is largely augmented by the waters of Harwood 
Beck, with its tributary Langdon Beck. Harwood Beck rises very 
near to Crookburn Beck in the peat-bogs of Yad Moss, but flows on 
