Vol. <8.] HANGING VALLEYS IN THE ALPS AND HIMALAYAS. 70 
5Oe 
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38. On the OrnieIn of somé Hanetne Vatinys i the Atps and 
Himatayas. By Prof. E. J. Garwoop, M.A., F.G.S. (Read 
June 11th, 1902.) 
(Piates XXXVI-XL.) 
CoNTENTS. 
Page 
He MME HTOCUIGUTOI wetecac ce striae letisle vec sisocaces/ccdves vaeuiinees 703 
lipitancine, Valleys otithe) Val Ticino. 050..... 2 s.csenss toons 704: 
III. Hanging Valleys of the Val Bregaglia..................... 710 
IV. Hanging Valleys of Jongri-Sikhim .................... se) Alsi 
V. Hanging Valleys of a Different Type ..................... 712 
eriGeneral Conclusions acess centgees-cscceesececoae seer an: 714 
I, Inrropuction, 
Dorine my visit to the Eastern Himalayas in 1899, I was much 
struck by the discordance of certain of the tributary valleys to 
the main valleys which they feed in the district of Jongri, near the 
south-eastern foot of Kabru. While making a plane-table survey 
of this district, I arrived at certain conclusions with regard to the 
origin of these valleys, which I have already published in the 
journal of a kindred Society." I was, therefore, much interested 
when my attention was drawn to a paper by Prof. W. M. Davis on 
‘Glacial Erosion in the Valley of the Ticino, in which the hanging 
valleys in the lower part of the Val Ticino are attributed to the over- 
deepening of the main valley by ice. His theory of their origin 
may be briefiy stated in the following paragraph taken from the 
paper above cited :— 
‘The deepening of a glaciated valley for a good part of its length is thus seen 
to be a general result of glacial erosion ; it is accompanied throughout by dis- 
cordant or hanging lateral valleys, and the production of a lake in the 
distal portion of such a valley is but a subordinate result of 
glacial action. (Op. cié. p. 152.) 
This theory of the origin of hanging valleys is diametrically opposed 
to the one at which I had arrived, from a study of similar valleys 
in the Sikhim Himalayas. Coming as it does, however, from one 
of our foremost exponents of drainage-problems, it deserves most. 
careful consideration. 
I propose, therefore, first to consider all the evidence available 
with regard to the possible modes of formation of the hanging 
valleys which occur in the Val Ticino itself, and afterwards to bring 
to bear on the question any evidence from similar phenomena in 
other districts, with which I am acquainted, which may tend to 
throw light on the origin of the Ticino valleys. 
1 Geogr. Journ, vol. xx (1902) p. 13. 
2 * Appalachia’ vol. ix (1900) pp. 136-56 w. figs. & pls. xv—xvi. 
