710 PROF. GARWOOD ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME [| Nov. 1902, 
not (in my opinion) furnish any evidence that the overdeepening 
of the main valley, and the consequent formation of hanging lateral 
valleys, has been due to the direct action of ice. On the contrary, 
the facts appear to point to the deepening of the old Ticino 
valley by water, consequent upon an epeirogenic uplift of the upper 
end of the district in inter-Glacial times.’ 
Although the evidence adduced in the foregoing pages appears to 
me conclusive, I am acquainted with two other districts exhibiting 
the characteristic features of hanging valleys which strongly confirm 
this view. The first is the Val Bregaglia, the second the Jonegri 
district of the Sikhim Himalayas. 
III, Haneine Vatzeys or THE VAL BREGAGIIA. 
At the upper end of the Val Bregaglia, in close proximity to the 
Maloggia Pass, we have three hanging valleys in different stages of 
development—the Albigna, the Val Marozzo, and the gorge of the 
Orlegna, which drains the Forno Glacier and the Valley of La Tajeda. 
The Albigna Valley is occupied throughout its upper portion by the 
Albigna Glacier; but a short level tract of ground strewn with 
alluvium intervenes, between the end of the glacier and the cascade 
by which the water from the melting ice plunges into the gorge of the 
Pian dei Buoi below. No one who has ascended this gorge is likely to 
forget the severe character of the ascent, nor the detour necessitated 
by the precipitous nature of the fall: it is in every respect similar 
to the ascent to Dalpe from Faido, and the traveller is forcibly 
reminded of the Val Piumogna, in the Ticino Valley. 
That this precipitous descent from the Albigna Glacier to Casaccia 
is due to the overdeepening of the main valley, has not, I think, 
been denied; and there can be little doubt that it has been effected 
by the vigorous encroachment of the Maira, on the water-parting 
between the Val Bregaglia and the Upper Engadine. If this 
water-parting were once situated farther down the Val Bregaglia, 
nearer Vico Soprano, as has been suggested,” the Albigna and Forno 
valleys on the south, and the Val Marozzo on the north, must once 
have formed tributaries of the Inn, and not of the Maira; and this 
supposition is borne out by the general trend and present relative 
elevation of these valleys. 
As the steeper-graded Maira River cut back its water-parting, 
the drainage from the Albigna Valley would first be captured and 
compelled to flow westward, then that of the Val Marozzo, and, 
lastly, that of the Val Forno, the waters of the two last-named 
1 Since writing the above, my attention has been called toa note in the Bull. 
Soe. Géol. France, ser. 3, vol. xxviii (1900) p. 1003, by M. W. Kilian, who, 
on theoretical grounds, comes to much the same conclusion as that enunciated 
above. 
2 A. Heim, Jahrb. d. Schweiz. Alpenclub (1879-80) p. 429; T. G. Bonney, 
Geol. Mag. 1888, p. 540; & C.S Du R. Preller, chid. 1893, p. 448. 
