Vol. 58.] HANGING VALLEYS IN THE ALPS AND HIMALAYAS. AL 
being chiefly responsible for the present cliff-like wall of the 
Maloggia. 
These three valleys, belonging as they do to the high-level 
Engadine drainage-system, have been left far above the deeply-cut 
Val Bregaglia, and their streams have not yet had time to adjust 
their floors to accordant slopes with that of the Maira, into which 
they fall by precipitous cascades. 
I do not think that the overdeepening which has produced these 
hanging valleys at the upper end of the Val Bregaglia can by any 
possibility be attributed:to excavation by ice; for whence did the 
glacier come? Obviously not from the hanging valleys themselves, 
or how are we to account for their truncated mouths? And there 
is no gathering-ground for snow in the district other than the 
Engadine Valley beyond the precipitous wall of the Maloggia itself, 
the formation of which by ice I do not think the wildest advocate of 
ice-erosion would suggest. We have here, then, a group of hanging 
valleys the uppermost of which, the Forno, is in process of formation 
before our eyes by river-action: these are situated at the head of a 
glacial cul-de-sac, and cannot therefore be attributed to the over- 
deepening of the main valley by ice. 
The river issuing from the Albigna Glacier has cut back the gorge 
forming the Pian dei Buoi; but the waterfall is still very steep, 
and no gentler grade can be established so long as the general high 
level of the Albigna Valley is maintained by the presence of the 
glacier. And this protected valley, like the hanging valleys of the 
Val Ticino, again faces north-east. The Val Marozzo, on the other 
side of the Val Bregaglia, although its drainage was captured by 
the Maira after that of the Val Albigna, has no protective glacier, 
and has already established a more gentle slope for its gorge, and 
the same is the case with the Orlegna. Thus we again have the 
lesson enforced, that it is rivers that erode their valley- 
floors and glaciers that relatively protect them. 
LY. Haneine VaLLeys or JONGRI-SIKHIM. 
In the Jongri district of the Sikhim Himalaya we find hang- - 
ing valleys of the Ticino type, which appear undoubtedly to 
owe their origin to river-excavation. There the original easterly 
drainage, initiated as a consequence of the uplift of the Kang- 
chenjunga range, is being gradually obliterated and diverted by 
the direct-flowing rivers subsequently developed along the line 
of strike parallel to the range. ‘These subsequent rivers, running 
as they do more directly to the plains than the original easterly 
streams, have a higher graded slope, and consequently greater 
erosive powers; with the result that those flowing near the centre 
of uplift have gradually cut their valleys back and captured, one 
by one, the head-waters of the original eastward-flowing streams. 
This is especially noticeable in the case of the Praig Chu and 
the Chakchurong Chu—two subsequent streams which occupy deep 
gorges on either side of the Jongri plateau. There can be little 
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