( ae PROF, GARWOOD ON THE ORIGIN OF SOME | Nov. 1902, 
doubt that these streams have eaten their way back from the 
south, and intercepted one of the old eastward-flowing rivers, 
capturing its head-waters in the process: these are represented 
by the present hanging valleys of the Kang La and its neighbours. 
The drainage from these glens falls by torrents and precipitous 
cascades into the valley of the Chakchurong, 2000 feet below ; 
and so abrupt is the change in level from the glens to the main 
valley, that the traveller is occasionally obliged to depend, in the 
more literal sense of the word, on the branches of the dwarf 
rhododendrons that clothe the precipitous ledges. 
It may be asked, Why have these streams not cut down their 
valleys to an accordant grade with the new valley below? ‘The 
answer appears to be the same as in the case of the Val Ticino: first, 
because there has been an epeirogenic uplift in inter-Glacial times ; 
and, secondly, because the higher glens have been, till recently, filled 
with ice which has protected the valley from river-erosion. 
That an upward movement of this description has taken place 
since the formation of the range seems well attested by the obser- 
vations of the Indian geologists on the Himalayan range generally,’ 
from which it would appear that this movement is still in progress. 
For fuller proofs of the formation of these Jongri valleys by 
river-erosion I must refer to my notes in the ‘Geographical 
Journal’ already published,* merely pointing out that here also 
we have the hanging valleys preserved only on the eastern flanks 
of the range; a fact which I would again attribute largely to 
their preservation by the glaciers which, till recently, filled these 
valleys, and still occupy the upper glens. 
V. Haneine VALLEYS oF A DIFFERENT TyPr. 
In the above descriptions I have confined myself to typical 
hanging valleys, produced by the overdeepening of the floor of 
the main valley; but I should not, on this account, wish it to 
be inferred that I would attribute all similar valleys to this 
cause. There are other types of hanging valley due to other 
causes than those described above. ‘Two of these types stand out 
prominently, and I have met with many examples in the course of 
my wanderings in the Alps and Arctic regions. 
The first of these is to be found bordering inland sheets of water, 
such as the Swiss and Italian lakes. Some of these, it may be urged, 
were formed contemporaneously with those described above and 
afterwards submerged; and it is possible that those at the Flielen 
end of the Lake of the Four Cantons come under this category, and 
are continuations of the series in the Valley of the Reuss, of which 
the Erstfelder Thal is a conspicuous example. The majority, how- 
ever, seem to owe their origin to a different cause, and to have 
' «Manual of the Geol. of India’ 2nd ed. (1893) p. 485. See also W. T. 
Blanford, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe. vol. exciv B (1901) p 335. 
2 Geogr. Journ. vol. xx (1902) p. 13. 
