THE GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF NORTHERN PEMBROKESHIRE. 65 
thus :—‘‘ And, who so list to learne more of this Marle: let him pervse a pamphlett 
which I have written thereof, wherein I have declared the nature of the marle, how to 
know yt and finde yt, and the order at Lardge of digginge and layeinge yt on the 
lande ; of the severall sortes thereof for what yt is good, and for what yll. And so for 
brevyties sake I Cesse to writte any More thereof.” It is a great pity that this 
pamphlet has never been published, for it would be of great interest to geologists, as 
perhaps the earliest attempt to give a full description of the boulder-clay. It seems 
that the treatise was finished in 1577, and consists of twelve chapters. A footnote to 
the preface of Mr Henry Owen’s edition of his Pembrokeshire (p. xxiv) states that a 
copy of the pamphlet lies in the Vairdre Book at Bronwydd, “ written out of a copy 
in his own hand, by me, John Owen of Berllan, 1684.” 
The Kemes mentioned in the above extract is that part of Pembrokeshire lying 
between Dinas and Cardigan. 
The present writer can bear testimony to the general accuracy of the description 
given by GrorcE Owen. It is at the brickworks, Cardigan, that the best exposure 
is seen. There in the pit a vertical section of this boulder-clay 20 feet deep is seen. 
It is dark-bluish in colour, but after drying becomes more of a light bluish-gray. It 
is a remarkably tough and tenacious clay, and can only be dug with great difficulty, for 
no crevices or fissures are seen and no trace of bedding. The whole mass is strikingly 
homogeneous and uniform in character, and has evidently been subjected to great 
pressure. The bottom is not reached in the section, and so the depth attained by it 
at this place is not known. For most part it is very free from stones, but a little 
further east in the same pit these are rather more commonly met with. Some beautifully 
glaciated sub-angular and blunted boulders were seen, with the strizee running princi- 
pally in the direction of their longer axes. Many of these boulders are of Carboniferous 
Limestone, and these interfere very much with the manufacture of the bricks, and are, 
as far as possible, picked out by the workmen. Boulders of conglomerate, grit, shaly 
and slaty rocks were also noted, and many of igneous rocks, which are foreign to the 
district. These will be dealt with again below, in another section. 
One of the most characteristic features of this Lower Boulder-Clay is the presence 
of marine shells scattered irreeularly through it. They seem to occur chiefly in its 
upper part, and are invariably much broken and worn, and therefore very difficult to 
identify. The fragments are also extremely friable. Occasionally small waterworn 
pebbles of quartz, etc. are seen in the clay; but most of the stones included are ice- 
worn rather than waterworn in the Cardigan pit. Another striking feature is the 
presence of fragments of woody matter in the clay, sometimes at a depth of 15 to 18 
feet. 
Above the boulder-clay in the brickyard occurs 2 or 3 feet of sand and gravel and 
a yellowish stony clay, and towards its north end this stony clay increases in thickness 
to at least 7 feet, passing in places into yellow sand. 
