102 PROFESSOR SIR W. TURNER ON 



with the Miindas and Santals, who are classed on linguistic grounds as Kolarian." 

 He does away with the term ' Kolarian ' as having an ethnic significance, and he in- 

 cludes both sets of people under the common term ' Dravidian.' Mr Risley's conclusions 

 were arrived at after a series of anthropological examinations and measurements, con- 

 ducted under his supervision, on about 6000 living persons in Bengal, the North- Western 

 Provinces and the Punjab. He defines the Dravidian type as follows : — Head usually 

 inclined to be dolichocephalic ; nose thick and broad, so that the formula of its platy- 

 rhine index is higher than in any known race except the Negro ; facial angle compara- 

 tively low ; lips thick ; face wide and fleshy ; features coarse and irregular ; average 

 stature ranges from 156'2 to 162'1 cm. (5 feet 1 inch to 5 feet 3 inches) ; figure squat ; 

 limbs sturdy. The colour of the skin varies from very dark brown to a shade closely 

 approaching black. The term Dravidian, as employed by Risley, has a similar mean- 

 ing, as regards the tribes which it embraces, to the term Tamulian suggested by 

 Mr Hodgson. 



Mr Risley defines also the Aryan type in India, and as by contrast it brings 

 out more clearly the Dravidian characters, I append it : — Head relatively long 

 (dolichocephalic) ; nose straight, finely cut (leptorhine) ; face long, symmetrically 

 narrow ; forehead well developed, features regular ; facial angle high ; stature fairly 

 high, ranging from 171 '6 in the Sikhs (5 feet 7 inches) to 165'6 (5 feet 5 inches) 

 in the Brahmins of Bengal ; build of figure well proportioned, slender rather than 

 massive. The colour of the skin is a very light transparent brown, though with various 

 gradations. 



I have had no opportunities of measuring the heads of living natives of India, 

 but I propose to summarise the chief characters of the crania measured in Tables 

 I.-IV. Unfortunately, some of the tribes are only sparsely represented, as regards 

 the number of skulls, but the entire collection gives one a fair amount of material for 

 comparison. The Gond, Oraon, Paharia, Karwar, Nagesar, Korwa and Bhuiya 

 tribes, who are Dra vidians in the earlier and restricted use of that term, contribute 

 collectively fifteen crania.* The Miinda, Bhumij and Turi tribes belong to the old 

 Kolarian group, and contribute collectively nineteen specimens.! 



If we take the fifteen skulls in the first or proper Dravidian group, we find that 

 the highest length-breadth index was 76*7. In six crania the index was below 70, hyper- 

 dolichocephalic ; in five crania it was between 70 and 75, dolichocephalic ; in four crania 

 it was between 75 and 76*7, i.e., in the division of the mesaticephalic which approxi- 

 mates to the dolichocephalic group.J The customary type was therefore dolichocephalic. 



* I have not included in this number the two Bhima skulls, which possibly may be a sub-division of the Gonds, 

 with which, in their form and proportions, they indeed closely correspond. As there may be a doubt as to their racial 

 position, I thought it advisable to exclude them. 



t I have not included in this number I.M. No. 407 (Table IV.), which is deformed from scaphocephaly, nor 

 I.M. No. 604, Jattia Munda. 



% I have discussed the relations of mesaticephalic skulls to dolichocephalic and brachycephalic crania in Part I. of 

 this Memoir in Trans. Roy. Hoc. Edinburgh, vol. xxxix. part iii. p. 744. 



