CPANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 549 



Norma verticalis. — The skulls were characteristic examples of "well-filled." crania.* 

 As a rule, they were broadly ovoid, and the transverse diameter of the vault of the 

 cranium was so marked that the outline was rounded, and the majority of the skulls 

 were obviously either brachy cephalic or approaching thereto. There was no sagittal 

 keel or ridge, the parietal bone sloped gently downwards and outwards from the 

 sagittal suture to the parietal eminence, and the transverse arc of the cranium behind 

 the bregma was a low rounded arch. The side walls were not vertical, and in the 

 majority of the specimens the greatest transverse diameter was near the squamous 

 suture. In only five of the crania were the zygomatic arches unbroken, and in all but 

 one the arches were concealed or cryptozygous. In all the specimens the parieto- 

 squamous breadth was greater than the interzygomatic. The Stephanie diameter 

 exceeded the asterionic with two exceptions, and in one of these the diameters were 

 equal. 



Norma lateralis. — In the males the glabella and supraorbital ridges were distinct, 

 and the forehead had a slight backward slope. From a little in front of the obelion 

 the skull sloped downwards and backwards into the occipital squama, which projected 

 in a marked manner behind the inion, so that the fossa for the occipital lobes of the 

 cerebrum considerably overlapped the cerebellum. With three exceptions the crania 

 rested behind on the conceptacula cerebelli, which indicated a considerable convexity 

 of the inferior surface of the hemispheres of the cerebellum. In the exceptional crania 

 the skulls rested behind on the tips of the mastoid processes. In the profile outline 

 of the face the nasal bones projected forwards, and formed a well-marked bridge to the 

 nose, which, in some specimens, was very prominent. The nasal spine of the superior 

 maxillse was also as a rule strongly projecting. In ten males the maximum total 

 longitudinal arc was 384 mm., the minimum 361 mm., and the mean 373*9 mm. ; 

 in three females the maximum was 370, the minimum 346, and the mean 356'3. 

 There was no constant rule, either for the entire series of these crania, or for the 

 different sexes, as to the relative proportion of the frontal, parietal and occipital 

 longitudinal arcs, though it was more usual for the frontal arc to be longer than either 

 the parietal or occipital, and for the parietal to be longer than the occipital. But in 

 four specimens the parietal exceeded the frontal ; in four, the occipital was either equal 

 to or exceeded the parietal, and in three the occipital was either equal to or exceeded 

 the frontal. 



The maximum glabello-occipital length in the twelve male skulls was 193 mm., the 

 minimum 179 mm., and the mean 185 mm. In three females the maximum length was 

 181, the minimum 172, and the mean 176*3 mm. Of ten male skulls the maximum 

 basi-bregmatic height was 137 mm., the minimum 125 mm., and the mean 130*3 

 mm. ; whilst two females were respectively 120 and 121 mm. The maximum parieto- 

 squamous diameter in the eleven males was 158 mm., the minimum was 136 mm.,, 

 the mean being 149*6 mm. ; whilst in three females the maximum was 141, the 



* This term is adopted from Professor Cleland's " Memoir on Variations in the Human Skull" (op. cit.). 



